"Cartography (...) is the study and practice of making and using maps."
The science of creating, interpreting and studying maps.
Map Projection: A method of representing the 3D surface of the Earth on a 2D map.
Scale: The ratio of distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.
Map Symbols: Standardized symbols and icons used on maps to represent features such as roads, water bodies, and landmarks.
Map Types: Different types of maps used for specific purposes, such as political maps, topographic maps, and climatic maps.
Cartographic Design: The process of creating aesthetically pleasing and informative maps that can be easily understood by the intended audience.
Cartographic Data Sources: The various sources of data used to create maps, such as satellite imagery, survey data, and census data.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Computer systems used to store, manipulate, and analyze geographic data.
Map Projections and Distortion: The effect of different map projections on the shapes and sizes of features on a map.
Map Accuracy and Precision: The degree of accuracy and precision in map data, and methods of quality control and assurance.
Spatial Analysis: The study of spatial relationships and patterns, and their analysis and visualization using maps and GIS systems.
Map Making Techniques: Various techniques and tools used during map making, such as field surveys, georeferencing, and digitizing.
Map Reading and Interpretation: The ability to interpret and extract information from a map, including location, direction, and scale.
Cartographic Ethics: The ethical considerations involved in map making, including privacy concerns and accuracy of information.
Topographic Cartography: Mapping of the physical features of land or the contours of the Earth's surface.
Thematic cartography: Incorporates data on a specific theme, such as population density, vegetation, or transportation routes.
Political cartography: Mapping out the borders and territories of countries, states or regions.
Hydrographic Cartography: Mapping water bodies and water resources including rivers, lakes, oceans.
Geologic cartography: Mapping the geological features of the earth's surface such as rocks, minerals, and fossils.
Military cartography: Mapping out geographic features for military purposes such as war planning, navigation, or intelligence gathering.
Navigation cartography: Maps used for seafaring, air navigation, or to guide tourists in new places.
Digital cartography: Using GIS software to create and manipulate maps, used in various fields like urban planning, surveying, and asset management.
Historical cartography: Mapping out historical events, settlements, and geography, used in research or educational materials.
Celestial Cartography: The mapping of stars, planets, and other celestial bodies.
Climate cartography: Mapping out climatic variables and trends, used in climate change studies, and weather forecasting.
Mental maps: These are maps drawn from memory and reflect individual's thoughts, experiences, and perceptions of their surroundings.
Street Cartography: Mapping out pedestrian areas, such as cities, towns, and villages.
Agricultural Cartography: The mapping of crops, soils, irrigation systems, and drainage basins to guide farming practices.
Urban Cartography: Maps of urban areas, including street maps, zoning maps, and demographic data.
Relief Cartography: Maps that depict the physical features of terrain.
Scientific Cartography: Maps used for scientific purposes, such as in geology, meteorology, or astronomy.
Survey Cartography: Maps used in land surveying, used to help plot land boundaries or defining terrain features.
Environmental Cartography: Focused on addressing environmental issues, like climate change, air pollution, or wildfires.
Catastrophe Cartography: Used to track and display incident management for disasters such as tornadoes, earthquakes, or forest fires.
"Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively."
"The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: - Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries." - "Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections." - "Eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of generalization." - "Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization." - "Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of map design."
"This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries."
"This is the concern of map projections, to represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media."
"This is the concern of generalization, to eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose and reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped."
"This is the concern of map design, to orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience."
"Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries."
"Cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively."
"Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems (GIS) and geographic information science (GISc)."
"Cartography (; from Ancient Greek: χάρτης chartēs, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and γράφειν graphein, 'write')"
"Combining science, aesthetics, and technique"
"Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections."
"To orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience."
"To eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose and reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped."
"Cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively."
"To set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped."
"Physical traits, such as roads or land masses"
"Abstract traits, such as toponyms or political boundaries."
"The main objectives of traditional cartography are to set the map's agenda, represent the terrain, eliminate irrelevant characteristics, reduce complexity, and convey its message effectively."