"A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
Maps used for scientific purposes, such as in geology, meteorology, or astronomy.
Map projection: The method of representing the surface of a sphere or ellipsoid on a flat map.
Scale and distance: Understanding the relationship between physical distance and map distance.
Coordinate systems: The system for locating points on the Earth's surface using a set of coordinates.
Geodesy: The science of determining the size and shape of the Earth.
Cartographic design principles: The principles used to design maps for their intended purpose and audience.
Topology: The study of the properties of space that are preserved under continuous transformations, such as stretching or bending.
Map interpretation: The ability to understand and interpret map information.
Cartographic symbols: The symbols used to represent various features on a map.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): The technology used to acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, and present geographic data.
Remote sensing: The acquisition of information about the Earth's surface using aerial or satellite imagery.
Physical Cartography: This type of cartography focuses on the physical characteristics of the Earth's surface such as the distribution of land, oceans, rivers, mountains, deserts, etc.
Topographic Cartography: This type of cartography deals with the detailed mapping of the surface features of a relatively small land area, such as hills, valleys, streams, and forest cover.
Geologic Cartography: This type of cartography is used to represent the distribution of different types of rocks and geological structures in an area.
Hydrologic Cartography: This type of cartography focuses on mapping water-related features such as rivers, lakes, oceans, rainfall patterns, and groundwater.
Climatic Cartography: This type of cartography deals with mapping climatic features such as temperature, humidity, pressure, wind directions, etc.
Economic Cartography: This type of cartography covers economic and commercial themes like trade routes, natural resources, transportation networking, industrial development, etc.
Demographic Cartography: This type of cartography is used to display the population and population-related features such as age, gender, ethnicity, etc.
Military Cartography: This type of cartography is used in military planning, navigation, and warfare, including mapping infrastructure targets, troop movements, and combat zones.
Planetary Cartography: This type of cartography is used in mapping the planets and moons in our solar system and making detailed maps for the individual geographical features on the planet.
Oceanographic Cartography: This type of cartography is used in mapping the ocean floor's morphology, finding its locations, and measuring the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of seawater.
"[A GIS] consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
"Much of this often happens within a spatial database, however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS."
"One may consider such a system also to include human users and support staff, procedures and workflows, the body of knowledge of relevant concepts and methods, and institutional organizations."
"The uncounted plural, geographic information systems, also abbreviated GIS, is the most common term for the industry and profession concerned with these systems."
"The academic discipline that studies these systems and their underlying geographic principles, may also be abbreviated as GIS, but the unambiguous GIScience is more common."
"They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business."
"GIS and location intelligence applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, which rely on geographic analysis and visualization."
"GIS provides the capability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as the 'key index variable'."
"Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's spacetime are able to be recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z coordinates."
"[x, y, and z coordinates representing] longitude (x), latitude (y), and elevation (z)."
"All Earth-based, spatial-temporal, location and extent references should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a 'real' physical location or extent."
"This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies." Note: Since not all 20 questions can be answered directly by quotes from the paragraph, I have provided answers for the available quotes.