"Cartography (...) is the study and practice of making and using maps."
Various techniques and tools used during map making, such as field surveys, georeferencing, and digitizing.
Projection: A map projection is a way to represent the curved surface of the Earth onto a flat surface.
Scale: The ratio of the distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the Earth's surface, usually represented as a fraction or a ratio.
Symbols and Legends: The graphic elements used to represent different physical and cultural features on a map.
Topography: The physical features of the Earth's surface, including mountains, valleys, and bodies of water.
Contour lines: Lines on a map that connect points of equal elevation or depth.
Geodetic Surveying: The science of measuring and representing the Earth's surface with precision.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Computerized systems used to analyze, store, and display geographic data.
Cartographic design: The art of making maps visually pleasing and easy to understand.
Map-making software: Programs used for creating and editing maps.
Map projections: Different ways to project three-dimensional Earth data onto a two-dimensional map surface.
Map Layout: Placement of various elements like border, title, north arrow, scale, etc. on a map.
Thematic Mapping: Showing spatial distribution of any variable of interest, such as population, terrain, or temperature.
Generalization: The process of simplifying complex features on maps to make them more legible and easier to understand.
Map accuracy and reliability: Understanding how to make maps that are precise, accurate, and reliable.
Map-reading and interpretation: The process of understanding information presented on a map.
topographic maps: A detailed and accurate representation of natural and man-made features on the land.
thematic maps: A map that represents a specific theme, such as population or climate.
physical maps: A map that shows the physical features of a region, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes.
political maps: A map that shows the boundaries of countries, states, and territories.
geologic maps: A map that shows the geologic features of a region.
climatic maps: A map that shows the average weather conditions of a region.
choropleth maps: A map that uses different shades or colors to represent data values, such as population density or income levels.
isometric maps: A three-dimensional map that shows the elevation and topography of a region.
hydrologic maps: A map that shows the distribution of water resources in a region, including rivers, lakes, and aquifers.
land use maps: A map that shows how land is used in a region, such as for agriculture, residential areas, or commercial development.
topological maps: A map that shows the relationships between different points in a region, such as the shortest route between two points.
perspective maps: A map that uses a bird's-eye view to show the features of a region.
pictorial maps: A map that uses illustrations or symbols to represent features, such as landmarks or tourist attractions.
satellite maps: A map that uses satellite imagery to show the features of a region.
interactive maps: A map that can be manipulated or customized by the user, such as zooming in or adding layers of data.
"Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively."
"The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: - Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries." - "Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections." - "Eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of generalization." - "Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization." - "Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of map design."
"This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries."
"This is the concern of map projections, to represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media."
"This is the concern of generalization, to eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose and reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped."
"This is the concern of map design, to orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience."
"Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries."
"Cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively."
"Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems (GIS) and geographic information science (GISc)."
"Cartography (; from Ancient Greek: χάρτης chartēs, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and γράφειν graphein, 'write')"
"Combining science, aesthetics, and technique"
"Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections."
"To orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience."
"To eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose and reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped."
"Cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively."
"To set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped."
"Physical traits, such as roads or land masses"
"Abstract traits, such as toponyms or political boundaries."
"The main objectives of traditional cartography are to set the map's agenda, represent the terrain, eliminate irrelevant characteristics, reduce complexity, and convey its message effectively."