Mapping water bodies and water resources including rivers, lakes, oceans.
Topography: The study of the surface features and elevations of a landscape, which is a key factor in hydrographic cartography as it affects the flow of water.
Bathymetry: The measurement and mapping of the depths and shape of bodies of water, such as oceans, lakes, and rivers. This data is used to create nautical charts.
Charting standards: The rules and guidelines for creating hydrographic charts, including the symbols, colors, and labeling conventions used.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): The use of computer software to store, analyze, and display spatial data, including hydrographic data.
Remote sensing: The use of aerial and satellite imaging to gather information about the Earth's surface and water bodies.
Navigation: The science of safely guiding ships and boats along a planned course, including the use of charts and other nautical instruments.
Tides and currents: The study of the movement of water in oceans, rivers, and other bodies of water, which is critical for navigation and other marine operations.
Sonar technology: The use of sound waves to measure depth and locate underwater objects, which is used extensively in hydrographic surveying.
Hydrographic surveying: The process of collecting data about the shape and characteristics of water bodies, typically using specialized ships and equipment.
Cartographic design: The principles and techniques used in designing maps and charts, including layout, typography, and color theory.
Bathymetric Cartography: This is the mapping of underwater features, depths, and contours of oceans, seas, and lakes.
Shoreline Mapping: It involves mapping the boundaries between the sea and land, including the features of coastal morphology, such as cliffs and beaches.
Nautical Charting: This type of cartography provides navigational charts for safe and efficient maritime navigation.
Terrain Mapping: This is the process of mapping the topography and landforms of the seafloor.
Oceanographic Mapping: It involves mapping the different physical, biological, and chemical characteristics of oceans, including temperature, currents, and salinity.
Historical Cartography: This involves mapping the changes in coastal and marine environments over time.
Geodetic Mapping: This type of cartography is used for measuring the shape and size of the earth, which is important for accurate mapping of the ocean depths.
Hydrological Mapping: It involves mapping the water flow of rivers, streams, and other freshwater bodies.
Remote Sensing: This type of cartography involves using satellite imagery and other remote sensing technologies to map underwater features and conditions.
Seabed Mapping: This is the mapping of the physical, biological, and chemical aspects of the ocean floor, including its sediment, minerals, and organisms.