"A nautical chart or hydrographic chart is a graphic representation of a sea region or water body and adjacent coasts or banks."
Maps used for seafaring, air navigation, or to guide tourists in new places.
Map projections: The ways in which the three-dimensional surface of the earth is depicted on a two-dimensional map, and how to choose the right projection for your purposes.
Scale and map symbols: How to represent the relative size and location of features on a map, and the symbols used to convey information about terrain, vegetation, buildings, etc.
Latitude and longitude: The system of lines used to measure and describe locations on the earth's surface, and how to convert between degrees, minutes, and seconds.
Topographic maps: Maps that show detailed information about the physical features of a landscape, including elevation, contour lines, and landmarks.
Nautical charts: Maps used by sailors and other navigators to navigate safely on the water, showing depths, hazards, buoys, and other important information.
GIS (Geographic Information Systems): Software tools used to collect, store, manipulate, analyze, and display geographic data.
GPS (Global Positioning System): A satellite-based navigation system that allows users to determine their exact location and track their movements.
Compass and bearings: Tools used to measure direction and navigate off-map, using landmarks or other reference points.
Celestial navigation: The use of the stars, sun, and other celestial bodies to determine position, especially when other navigation methods are not available.
Cartographic conventions: The standard symbols, colors, and other design elements used to represent different features on maps, including roads, buildings, water bodies, etc.
Electronic Navigation Cartography: This type of cartography involves using digital maps and charts on electronic devices such as GPS, ECDIS, radar, etc., for navigation purposes.
Paper Navigation Cartography: This is the traditional form of navigation cartography, which involves using paper charts, maps, and nautical publications for navigation.
Satellite Navigation Cartography: It involves using satellite-based navigation systems like GPS, GLONASS, etc., for accurate positioning of the vessel.
Oceanographic Navigation Cartography: This type of cartography involves using oceanographic data to assist in navigation, including information about currents, tides, waves, etc.
Topographical Navigation Cartography: It involves using topographic maps and charts to navigate the land, including identifying features like mountains, valleys, rivers, and forests.
Aeronautical Navigation Cartography: This type of cartography involves using aeronautical charts and maps for aviation navigation.
Celestial Navigation Cartography: It involves using celestial bodies' positions, such as stars, planets, and the moon, to determine a vessel's position.
Geographical Information System (GIS) Navigation Cartography: This type of cartography involves the use of GIS software to create and analyze maps and data for navigation.
Hydrographic Navigation Cartography: It involves using hydrographic charts and maps to navigate the coasts, ports, and waterways.
Terrestrial Laser Scanning Navigation Cartography: This type of cartography involves using 3D laser technology to create highly detailed and accurate models of terrestrial environments used for navigation.
Cartography for Autonomous Navigation: It involves using cartography for guiding autonomous vehicles through uncharted territories, such as self-driving cars and drones.
"Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water (bathymetry) and heights of land (topography), natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and human-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth's magnetic field, and human-made structures such as harbours, buildings, and bridges."
"Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them."
"Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on paper (raster navigational charts) or computerized electronic navigational charts."
"With each daily download, critical data such as Local Notices to Mariners are added to the on-demand chart files so that these charts are up to date at the time of printing."
"Details of the coastline"
"Natural features of the seabed"
"Navigational hazards"
"Locations of natural aids to navigation"
"Navigational hazards, locations of natural and human-made aids to navigation"
"Many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them."
"Information on tides and currents"
"Local details of the Earth's magnetic field, and human-made structures such as harbours, buildings, and bridges."
"Human-made structures such as harbours, buildings, and bridges"
"Recent technologies have made available paper charts which are printed 'on demand' with cartographic data that has been downloaded to the commercial printing company as recently as the night before printing."
"Critical data such as Local Notices to Mariners are added to the on-demand chart files so that these charts are up to date at the time of printing."
"With each daily download"
"Depths of water (bathymetry)"
"Heights of land (topography)"
"Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on paper (raster navigational charts) or computerized electronic navigational charts."