"A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
Using GIS software to create and manipulate maps, used in various fields like urban planning, surveying, and asset management.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): GIS is a computer-based tool that provides a flexible and accurate way to map and analyze data.
Geodesy: Geodesy is the science of measuring and monitoring the size and shape of the earth.
Remote Sensing: Remote sensing is the process of acquiring data and information from a distance, usually from an aircraft or satellite.
Topography: Topography is the study of the shape and features of the earth's surface, including natural and man-made features like mountains, valleys, and buildings.
Mapping Techniques: Mapping techniques refer to the various methods used to create and produce maps, including data collection, cartography, and analysis.
Cartography and Graphic Design: Cartography and graphic design refer to the art and science of creating maps and the design principles used to make them clear, attractive, and meaningful to users.
Spatial Analysis: Spatial analysis is the process of examining geographical and statistical data to obtain insight into patterns, relationships, and trends.
Data Visualization: Data visualization is the process of creating visual representations of data in order to understand relationships, trends, and patterns more easily.
Map Projections: Map projections are mathematical calculations used to transform the curved surface of the earth into a flat map.
Geography and Culture: Geography and culture refer to the study of how geography affects human culture and vice versa.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): A digital framework for capturing, storing, manipulating and analyzing geographic data.
Web Mapping: A method for delivering maps and spatial data through the internet.
Virtual Globes: Software programs that display the Earth or other planets in either 2D or 3D, with the ability to zoom in and out, rotate, and interact with data.
Remote Sensing: The acquisition of data about the Earth's surface using sensors, such as satellites or aircrafts.
Geovisualization: The use of data visualizations to display spatial relationships, patterns and trends, such as heat maps or choropleth maps.
Digital Elevation Models (DEM): A digital representation of the Earth's surface topography.
Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT): The use of spatially referenced data, tools and techniques to provide intelligence and decision support.
Cartographic Modeling: Computer-based models that allow for the creation and analysis of geographic scenarios.
Indoor Mapping: The development of maps for indoor spaces like malls, airports or museums.
Mobile Mapping: The use of mobile devices like GPS-enabled smartphones or tablets to collect geo-referenced data.
"[A GIS] consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
"Much of this often happens within a spatial database, however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS."
"One may consider such a system also to include human users and support staff, procedures and workflows, the body of knowledge of relevant concepts and methods, and institutional organizations."
"The uncounted plural, geographic information systems, also abbreviated GIS, is the most common term for the industry and profession concerned with these systems."
"The academic discipline that studies these systems and their underlying geographic principles, may also be abbreviated as GIS, but the unambiguous GIScience is more common."
"They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business."
"GIS and location intelligence applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, which rely on geographic analysis and visualization."
"GIS provides the capability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as the 'key index variable'."
"Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's spacetime are able to be recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z coordinates."
"[x, y, and z coordinates representing] longitude (x), latitude (y), and elevation (z)."
"All Earth-based, spatial-temporal, location and extent references should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a 'real' physical location or extent."
"This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies." Note: Since not all 20 questions can be answered directly by quotes from the paragraph, I have provided answers for the available quotes.