Focused on addressing environmental issues, like climate change, air pollution, or wildfires.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS): A computer-based tool that enables the collection, storage, analysis, and visualization of geographic data.
Topographic Mapping: The production of detailed and accurate maps showing the natural and man-made features of an area using contour lines and other symbols.
Remote Sensing: The use of satellite or airborne technology to gather information about the Earth's surface from a distance.
Spatial Analysis: The process of analyzing geographic data to uncover relationships, patterns, and trends, often using statistical methods.
Web Mapping: Using the Internet to create and share maps, enabling users to interact with and customize the maps to suit their needs.
Data Visualization: The use of charts, graphs, and other visual aids to represent large amounts of data in a clear and understandable way.
Environmental Modeling: The use of mathematical models to simulate and predict environmental phenomena, such as climate change or pollution patterns.
Cartographic Design: The art and science of creating maps that effectively communicate information to the viewer, using visual elements such as color, symbology, and layout.
Map Projection: The process of representing the Earth's curved surface on a flat map, using various mathematical techniques.
Map Symbolization: The use of symbols and other graphic elements to represent different features on a map, such as water bodies, roads, and vegetation.
Topographic Maps: These are detailed maps that show the physical features of the land or water, including elevation, relief, and natural features like forests, rivers, and lakes.
Thematic Maps: These are maps that focus on a particular theme or subject such as biomes, vegetation, land use, soils, climate, water resources, etc., and show patterns or distributions of the theme.
Climate Maps: These are maps that show the temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns of a region over a given period.
Hydrologic/water quality maps: These are maps that show water-related data, such as groundwater levels, water quality, rivers, and lakes.
Biodiversity maps: These are maps that show the distribution, composition, and/or abundance of plant and animal species in a particular area.
Air pollution maps: These are maps that show the concentration, distribution, and source of air pollution in a particular area.
Noise maps: These are maps that show the levels and sources of noise in a particular area.
Hazard Maps: These are maps that show areas that are susceptible to natural hazards such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, hurricanes, or human-made hazards such as toxic waste, nuclear facilities, etc.