"Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning..."
This topic covers how we acquire new behaviors through experience and reinforcement.
Classical Conditioning: A type of learning in which an organism learns to associate two or more stimuli, such that one stimulus comes to produce a response that was originally produced only by the other stimulus.
Operant Conditioning: A type of learning in which the strength of a behavior is modified by its consequences.
Behaviorism: A school of psychology that focuses on the study of observable behavior rather than inner mental processes.
Stimulus: An object or event that produces a sensory or behavioral response in an organism.
Response: The behavior or action of an organism in reaction to a stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning.
Unconditioned Response (UR): In classical conditioning, an unlearned response that occurs naturally and automatically to an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
Conditioned Response (CR): In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus.
Reinforcement: Any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
Negative Reinforcement: Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
Punishment: Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
Positive Punishment: Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
Negative Punishment: Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
Extinction: The gradual disappearance of a learned behavior that occurs when the previously associated stimulus is no longer presented.
"behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli with reinforcement or punishment."
"Operant conditioning originated in the work of Edward Thorndike..."
"behaviors arise as a result of whether their consequences are satisfying or discomforting."
"operant conditioning was studied by behaviorist psychologists..."
"Reinforcements are environmental stimuli that increase behaviors, whereas punishments are stimuli that decrease behaviors."
"Both kinds of stimuli can be further categorized into positive and negative stimuli..."
"operant conditioning is voluntary and depends on the consequences of a behavior."
"The study of animal learning in the 20th century was dominated by the analysis of these two sorts of learning..."
"They have also been applied to the study of social psychology..."
"behaviors are modified through the association of stimuli with reinforcement or punishment."
"Operant conditioning originated in the work of Edward Thorndike..."
"classical conditioning, which is a process where stimuli are paired with biologically significant events..."
"operant conditioning is voluntary and depends on the consequences of a behavior."
"Reinforcements are environmental stimuli that increase behaviors..."
"punishments are stimuli that decrease behaviors."
"Both kinds of stimuli can be further categorized into positive and negative stimuli..."
"they are still at the core of behavior analysis."
"..helping to clarify certain phenomena such as the false consensus effect."
"operants—behaviors that affect one's environment—are conditioned to occur or not occur depending on the environmental consequences of the behavior."