"The term classical conditioning refers to the process of an automatic, conditioned response that is paired with a specific stimulus."
In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.
Classical conditioning: The process of learning in which a neutral stimulus (the CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).
Unconditioned stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without any prior conditioning.
Conditioned response (CR): The response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has occurred.
Stimulus generalization: The tendency for stimuli that are similar to the CS to elicit a CR.
Stimulus discrimination: The ability to distinguish between the CS and other stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS.
Extinction: The gradual disappearance of the CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.
Spontaneous recovery: The reappearance of the CR after a period of time has passed since the extinction of the CR.
Higher-order conditioning: The process by which a new CS can be established by pairing it with an existing CS rather than an US.
Emotional conditioning: The process by which emotions can be conditioned through classical conditioning.
Biological conditioning: The process by which physiological responses can be conditioned through classical conditioning.
Operant conditioning: A type of learning in which a behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.
Forward and backward conditioning: The difference between the relative effectiveness of pairing the CS before or after the US.
Latent inhibition: The phenomenon in which a familiar stimulus is less effective in evoking a CR than a novel stimulus.
Blocking: The phenomenon in which a previously established CS can block the conditioning of a new CS.
Theories of classical conditioning: The scientific theories that explain the underlying mechanisms of classical conditioning, such as the Rescorla-Wagner model and the dual process theory.
Auditory: A sound or noise that becomes associated with a particular response through conditioning.
Visual: A specific visual cue that becomes associated with a particular response over time. For example, a stop sign has become a visual conditioned stimulus for drivers to learn they must stop.
Tactile: A touch or sensation that becomes associated with a particular response through conditioning. For example, a person may begin to associate the feeling of a certain texture with a pleasure response over time through conditioning.
Olfactory: A smell or scent that becomes associated with a particular response through conditioning.
Gustatory: A taste that becomes associated with a particular response through conditioning.
Emotional: An emotional reaction or feeling that becomes associated with a particular response through conditioning. For example, an individual may begin to feel fearful or anxious in response to a particular situation due to prior conditioning experiences.
Language-based: Words or phrases that become associated with a particular response through conditioning.
Social: Behavior and responses learned from observing others.
Contextual: A specific environment or context that becomes associated with a particular response over time.
Psychological: Internal feelings or mental states that become associated with a particular response through conditioning.
"The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning with detailed experiments with dogs, and published the experimental results in 1897."
"In the study of digestion, Pavlov observed that the experimental dogs salivated when fed red meat."
"Pavlovian conditioning is distinct from operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning), through which the strength of a voluntary behavior is modified, either by reinforcement or by punishment."
"Classical conditioning can affect operant conditioning; classically conditioned stimuli can reinforce operant responses."
"Classical conditioning is a basic behavioral mechanism, and its neural substrates are now beginning to be understood."
"Though it is sometimes hard to distinguish classical conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g. instrumental learning and human associative memory), a number of observations differentiate them, especially the contingencies whereby learning occurs."
"Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century."
"Classical conditioning has been applied in other areas as well. For example, it may affect the body's response to psychoactive drugs."
"Classical conditioning has been applied in other areas as well, such as the regulation of hunger, research on the neural basis of learning and memory, and in certain social phenomena such as the false consensus effect."
"A biologically potent physiological stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g. the sound of a musical triangle)."
"The term classical conditioning refers to the process of an automatic, conditioned response that is paired with a specific stimulus."
"The strength of a voluntary behavior is modified, either by reinforcement or by punishment."
"The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning with detailed experiments with dogs, and published the experimental results in 1897."
"Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the study of animal behavior."
"Classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy."
"Classical conditioning has been applied in certain social phenomena such as the false consensus effect."
"Pavlov observed that the experimental dogs salivated when fed red meat."
"A number of observations differentiate them, especially the contingencies whereby learning occurs."
"Though it is sometimes hard to distinguish classical conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g. instrumental learning and human associative memory), a number of observations differentiate them."