"The term classical conditioning refers to the process of an automatic, conditioned response that is paired with a specific stimulus."
In classical conditioning, an unlearned response that occurs naturally and automatically to an unconditioned stimulus.
Classical Conditioning: A form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) comes to elicit a response because it is paired with a stimulus that already elicits the response (unconditioned stimulus).
Ivan Pavlov: The Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US): A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior conditioning.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a response.
Unconditioned Response (UR): A response that is naturally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR): A response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Acquisition: The initial stage of learning in which a CS is paired with a US.
Extinction: The gradual decrease in the strength or frequency of a CR that occurs when a CS is presented without the US.
Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a period of time without further conditioning.
Generalization: The tendency for a CR to be elicited by stimuli similar to the original CS.
Discrimination: The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific CS that is paired with the US.
Higher-Order Conditioning: A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already-established CS.
Biological Preparedness: The idea that some stimuli are easier to condition than others because they are naturally more relevant to survival.
Operant Conditioning: A form of learning in which behavior is shaped by consequences.
Reinforcement: The use of consequences to strengthen behavior.
Punishment: The use of consequences to weaken behavior.
Positive Reinforcement: Reinforcement that involves adding a desirable stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement: Reinforcement that involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior.
Positive Punishment: Punishment that involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior.
Negative Punishment: Punishment that involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behavior.
Reflexes: These are automatic physical responses to a specific stimulus. For example, when a puff of air is blown into your eyes, your eyes automatically blink.
Emotional Responses: These are responses that are elicited by an emotional stimulus. For example, fear is an unconditioned emotional response that is elicited by a perceived threat.
Biological Responses: These are responses that are biologically determined, such as sweating or changes in heart rate in response to stress.
Instinctual Responses: These are responses that are inherent in animals and humans and do not require prior learning. Examples include animal mating rituals and human crying when they are born.
Motor Responses: These are physical movements that are elicited by a specific stimulus. For example, a dog wagging its tail when it sees its owner.
Autonomic Responses: These responses include changes in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and other physiological responses that are not under conscious control.
Sexual Responses: These are responses that are elicited by sexual stimuli, such as arousal or orgasm.
Pain Responses: These are responses that are elicited by a painful stimulus, such as withdrawal or the release of endorphins.
Startle Responses: These are responses that are elicited by a sudden, unexpected stimulus, such as jumping when someone pops a balloon.
Defensive Responses: These are responses that are elicited by a perceived threat, such as fight or flight responses.
"The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning with detailed experiments with dogs."
"In the study of digestion, Pavlov observed that the experimental dogs salivated when fed red meat."
"Pavlovian conditioning is distinct from operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning), through which the strength of a voluntary behavior is modified, either by reinforcement or by punishment."
"However, classical conditioning can affect operant conditioning; classically conditioned stimuli can reinforce operant responses."
"Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy and the study of animal behavior."
"Though it is sometimes hard to distinguish classical conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g. instrumental learning and human associative memory), a number of observations differentiate them, especially the contingencies whereby learning occurs."
"Classical conditioning has been applied in other areas as well. For example, it may affect the body's response to psychoactive drugs, the regulation of hunger, research on the neural basis of learning and memory, and in certain social phenomena such as the false consensus effect."
"Classical conditioning (also respondent conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning) is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent physiological stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g. the sound of a musical triangle)."
"The term classical conditioning refers to the process of an automatic, conditioned response that is paired with a specific stimulus."
"In the study of digestion, Pavlov observed that the experimental dogs salivated when fed red meat."
"However, classical conditioning can affect operant conditioning; classically conditioned stimuli can reinforce operant responses."
"Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy and the study of animal behavior."
"Classical conditioning is a basic behavioral mechanism, and its neural substrates are now beginning to be understood."
"Classical conditioning has been applied in other areas as well. For example, it may affect the body's response to psychoactive drugs, the regulation of hunger, research on the neural basis of learning and memory, and in certain social phenomena such as the false consensus effect."
"Though it is sometimes hard to distinguish classical conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g. instrumental learning and human associative memory), a number of observations differentiate them, especially the contingencies whereby learning occurs."
"Pavlov studied classical conditioning with detailed experiments with dogs, and published the experimental results in 1897."
"It [classical conditioning] may affect the body's response to psychoactive drugs, the regulation of hunger..."
"It [classical conditioning] may affect the body's response to psychoactive drugs..."
"...in certain social phenomena such as the false consensus effect."