"In operant conditioning, punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings which, occurring after a given behavior or response, reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future."
Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
Operant conditioning: A type of learning that involves manipulating consequences to strengthen or weaken behavior.
Reinforcement: Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
Punishment: Anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
Positive punishment: Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior.
Negative punishment: Taking something pleasant away to decrease behavior.
Extinction: The gradual disappearance of a behavior due to the absence of reinforcement or punishment.
Primary punishment: A punishment that is inherently unpleasant.
Secondary punishment: A punishment that has become associated with something unpleasant.
Overcorrection: A punishment technique that involves making the person engage in a behavior that is opposite of the one they engaged in.
Timeout: Removing a person from a reinforcing environment as a punishment.
Token economy: A type of behavior modification in which desirable behavior is rewarded with tokens.
Shaping: A gradual process of reinforcing and shaping a behavior to become more precise and complex.
Schedule of punishment: The frequency and consistency of punishments delivered to a behavior.
Stimulus discrimination: The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond appropriately to them.
Generalization: Applying a behavior to situations outside of the original learning environment.
"While similar to reinforcement, punishment's goal is to decrease behaviors while reinforcement's goal is to increase behaviors."
"There are two types of punishment, positive and negative."
"Positive punishment involves the introduction of a stimulus to decrease behavior."
"Negative punishment involves the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior."
"MO can be categorized in abolishing operations, decrease the effectiveness of the stimuli and establishing, increase the effectiveness of the stimuli."
"For example, a painful stimulus which would act as a punisher for most people may actually reinforce some behaviors of masochistic individuals."
"There are rewarding stimuli which are considered pleasant and aversive stimuli, which are considered unpleasant."
"There are primary punishers which directly affect the individual such as pain, and then there are secondary punishers which are things that are learned to be negative like a buzzing sound when getting an answer wrong on a game show."
"Conflicting findings have been found on the effectiveness of the use of punishment. Some have found that punishment can be a useful tool in suppressing behavior while some have found it to have a weak effect on suppressing behavior."
"Punishment can also lead to lasting negative unintended side effects as well."
"Punishment has been found to be effective in countries that are wealthy, high in trust, cooperation, and democracy."
"Punishment has been used in applied behavioral analysis, specifically in situations to try and punish dangerous behaviors like head banging."
"Punishment has also been used to psychologically manipulate individuals to gain control over victims."
"It has also been used in scenarios where an abuser may try punishment in order to traumatically bond their victim with them."
"Stuttering therapy has also seen the use of punishment with effective results."
"Certain punishment techniques have been effective in children with disabilities, such as autism and intellectual disabilities."
"Punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings which, occurring after a given behavior or response, reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future."
"Whether a change is or is not punishing is determined by its effect on the rate that the behavior occurs."
"Motivating operations (MO) alter the effectiveness of a stimulus by either decreasing or increasing its effectiveness, categorized as abolishing or establishing operations."