"The term classical conditioning refers to the process of an automatic, conditioned response that is paired with a specific stimulus."
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus.
Classical conditioning: The process by which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in the neutral stimulus acquiring the ability to elicit a conditioned response.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior training.
Unconditioned response (UCR): An automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Neutral stimulus (NS): A stimulus that initially elicits no response but becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus through repeated pairing.
Conditioned stimulus (CS): An originally neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.
Conditioned response (CR): A response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction: The process by which a conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery: The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has elapsed.
Stimulus generalization: The tendency for similar stimuli to elicit a similar conditioned response.
Stimulus discrimination: The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond differently to each.
Higher-order conditioning: The process by which a previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an already established conditioned stimulus.
Instrumental conditioning: The process by which a behavior is learned through its consequences, either through reinforcement or punishment.
Operant conditioning: The term used to describe the process of instrumental conditioning.
Reinforcement: The process by which a behavior is strengthened by the presentation or removal of a stimulus.
Punishment: The process by which a behavior is weakened by the presentation or removal of a stimulus.
Schedule of reinforcement: The timing and frequency of reinforcement delivery, which can affect the strength and persistence of a behavior.
Shaping: The process by which complex behaviors are learned through the reinforcement of successive approximations.
Modeling: The process by which behaviors are learned by observing the behavior of others.
Classical Conditioning: Classical conditioning is the process of pairing an involuntary response with a stimulus until the response becomes associated with that stimulus.
Operant Conditioning: Operant conditioning involves learning behaviors through rewards and punishments. For example, if someone receives a reward for taking out the trash, they are more likely to take out the trash again in the future.
Habituation: Habituation occurs when a person becomes less responsive to a stimulus after repeated exposure. For example, a person may stop noticing traffic noise after living near a busy street for a long period of time.
Sensitization: Sensitization is the opposite of habituation, and occurs when a person becomes more responsive to a stimulus after repeated exposure. For example, someone with a fear of spiders may become more afraid of them after watching a scary movie about spiders.
Vicarious Conditioning: Vicarious conditioning occurs when a person learns by watching someone else receive rewards or punishment. For example, a child may learn not to touch a hot stove after seeing their sibling get burned.
Discrimination Conditioning: Discrimination conditioning is when a person or animal learns to respond only to specific stimuli and not to similar stimuli. For example, a dog may learn to recognize its owner's car and respond excitedly, but not respond to other cars.
Higher Order Conditioning: Higher order conditioning is when a new stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned response through its association with a previously conditioned stimulus. For example, if a bell is paired with food in class, students may salivate just to the sound of the bell without the presence of food as time goes by.
Escape Conditioning: Escape conditioning is when an individual learns to engage in a behavior to escape or avoid an unpleasant stimulus. For example, a person may learn to take a break when feeling overwhelmed by work or studying.
Avoidance Conditioning: Avoidance conditioning is when an individual learns to engage in a behavior to avoid an unpleasant stimulus. For example, someone may learn to avoid a certain food after getting sick from eating it before.
Classical Instrumental Mix: It is the combination of the classical and instrumental conditioning theories. It suggests that some behaviors are acquired through classical conditioning, while others are learned through operant conditioning. As an example, classical conditioning helps to develop a liking for a person or food, while Operant conditioning helps to establish the behavior to pursue the same reinforcement.
"The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning with detailed experiments with dogs, and published the experimental results in 1897."
"In the study of digestion, Pavlov observed that the experimental dogs salivated when fed red meat."
"Pavlovian conditioning is distinct from operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning), through which the strength of a voluntary behavior is modified, either by reinforcement or by punishment."
"Classical conditioning can affect operant conditioning; classically conditioned stimuli can reinforce operant responses."
"Classical conditioning is a basic behavioral mechanism, and its neural substrates are now beginning to be understood."
"Though it is sometimes hard to distinguish classical conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g. instrumental learning and human associative memory), a number of observations differentiate them, especially the contingencies whereby learning occurs."
"Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century."
"Classical conditioning has been applied in other areas as well. For example, it may affect the body's response to psychoactive drugs."
"Classical conditioning has been applied in other areas as well, such as the regulation of hunger, research on the neural basis of learning and memory, and in certain social phenomena such as the false consensus effect."
"A biologically potent physiological stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g. the sound of a musical triangle)."
"The term classical conditioning refers to the process of an automatic, conditioned response that is paired with a specific stimulus."
"The strength of a voluntary behavior is modified, either by reinforcement or by punishment."
"The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov studied classical conditioning with detailed experiments with dogs, and published the experimental results in 1897."
"Together with operant conditioning, classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the study of animal behavior."
"Classical conditioning became the foundation of behaviorism, a school of psychology which was dominant in the mid-20th century and is still an important influence on the practice of psychological therapy."
"Classical conditioning has been applied in certain social phenomena such as the false consensus effect."
"Pavlov observed that the experimental dogs salivated when fed red meat."
"A number of observations differentiate them, especially the contingencies whereby learning occurs."
"Though it is sometimes hard to distinguish classical conditioning from other forms of associative learning (e.g. instrumental learning and human associative memory), a number of observations differentiate them."