"In operant conditioning, punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings which, occurring after a given behavior or response, reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future."
Any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future.
Operant Conditioning: This is a type of learning in which behavior is modified by the consequences that follow it.
Reinforcement: This refers to any consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.
Punishment: This refers to any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.
Positive Punishment: This involves adding an unpleasant consequence to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.
Negative Punishment: This involves removing a pleasant consequence to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.
Effective Punishment: This refers to punishment that successfully decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.
Ineffective Punishment: This refers to punishment that fails to decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future.
Overuse of Punishment: This refers to the excessive use of punishment, which can lead to negative consequences and potentially more problematic behavior.
Punishment and Aggression: This refers to the potential link between punishment and aggression, as excessively punitive measures can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior.
Punishment and Ethics: This refers to the ethical considerations surrounding the use of punishment as a means of behavior modification.
Positive Punishment: This type of punishment is used to decrease the likelihood of a behavior by adding an unpleasant or aversive stimulus after the behavior is displayed.
Negative Punishment: Negative punishment refers to the removal of a desirable stimulus or reward to decrease the occurrence of a behavior.
Time Out: This is a form of punishment where the person is temporarily removed from a desirable situation or activity following the behavior that needs to be decreased.
Response Cost: This punishment involves the removal of a certain amount of a desirable stimulus or reward every time the behavior occurs.
Overcorrection: In this punishment, the person is required to perform an excessive number of positive behaviors to decrease the occurrence of a negative behavior.
Contingent Electric Shock: This is a punishment that involves the application of electric shock following the occurrence of an unwanted behavior.
Contingent Exercise: This punishment includes requiring the person to engage in a specific amount of exercise or physical activity following the behavior that needs to be decreased.
Contingent Escape: This form of punishment allows a person to terminate the unpleasant stimulus or situation by displaying an appropriate behavior.
Contingent Sensory Stimulation: This punishment involves applying a highly aversive and unpleasant sensory stimulus every time an unwanted behavior occurs.
Contingent Accession: This form of punishment includes requiring a person to perform a highly disliked activity following the display of an unwanted behavior.
"While similar to reinforcement, punishment's goal is to decrease behaviors while reinforcement's goal is to increase behaviors."
"There are two types of punishment, positive and negative."
"Positive punishment involves the introduction of a stimulus to decrease behavior."
"Negative punishment involves the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior."
"MO can be categorized in abolishing operations, decrease the effectiveness of the stimuli and establishing, increase the effectiveness of the stimuli."
"For example, a painful stimulus which would act as a punisher for most people may actually reinforce some behaviors of masochistic individuals."
"There are rewarding stimuli which are considered pleasant and aversive stimuli, which are considered unpleasant."
"There are primary punishers which directly affect the individual such as pain, and then there are secondary punishers which are things that are learned to be negative like a buzzing sound when getting an answer wrong on a game show."
"Conflicting findings have been found on the effectiveness of the use of punishment. Some have found that punishment can be a useful tool in suppressing behavior while some have found it to have a weak effect on suppressing behavior."
"Punishment can also lead to lasting negative unintended side effects as well."
"Punishment has been found to be effective in countries that are wealthy, high in trust, cooperation, and democracy."
"Punishment has been used in applied behavioral analysis, specifically in situations to try and punish dangerous behaviors like head banging."
"Punishment has also been used to psychologically manipulate individuals to gain control over victims."
"It has also been used in scenarios where an abuser may try punishment in order to traumatically bond their victim with them."
"Stuttering therapy has also seen the use of punishment with effective results."
"Certain punishment techniques have been effective in children with disabilities, such as autism and intellectual disabilities."
"Punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings which, occurring after a given behavior or response, reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future."
"Whether a change is or is not punishing is determined by its effect on the rate that the behavior occurs."
"Motivating operations (MO) alter the effectiveness of a stimulus by either decreasing or increasing its effectiveness, categorized as abolishing or establishing operations."