"Behaviorism is a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals."
Concerned with the study of the behavior of individuals in different situations.
Classical Conditioning: Explains the process of learning through the association of stimuli, where an automatic response becomes associated with a stimulus that did not originally evoke that response.
Operant Conditioning: Explains how we learn behaviors through their positive or negative consequences, where behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated and those that are punished are less likely to be repeated.
Observational Learning: Explains how we can learn behaviors by observing others, where we model behavior we observe in others and those behaviors become more likely in us.
Cognitive Processes: Explores how mental processes such as memory, perception, attention, and problem-solving play a role in behavior and learning.
Motivation: Explains how our desires, needs, and expectations influence our behavior, and how they are influenced by our environment.
Emotional Processes: Explores how emotional states like anger, happiness, and anxiety can influence behavior and how our behavior can influence our emotions.
Psychological Disorders: Examines how behavioral psychology can help us understand and treat mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and addiction.
Behavioral Therapy: Explores the application of behavioral psychology principles in therapy, which can help individuals develop new behaviors and overcome problematic behaviors.
Developmental Psychology: Concerned with the study of behavior and psychological processes over the entire lifespan, from infancy to old age.
Social Psychology: Examines how people interact with one another, including topics like social influence, attitudes, and group behavior.
Cognitive Psychology: Focuses on the study of mental processes like perception, memory, problem-solving, and attention.
Comparative Psychology: Compares the behavior of different animal species and focuses on evolutionary and physiological factors that underpin behavior.
Applied Behavior Analysis: Applies the principles of behaviorism to real-world problems in areas such as education, mental health, and business.
Clinical Psychology: Concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
Environmental Psychology: Studies the relationships between behavior and the physical and built environment.
Behavioral Neuroscience: Examines the biological basis of behavior, including the brain and nervous system.
Behavior Genetics: Explores the role of genes and heredity in shaping behavior.
Experimental Analysis of Behavior: Emphasizes the use of scientific methods to understand behavior and its underlying principles.
"It assumes that behavior is either a reflex evoked by the pairing of certain antecedent stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment contingencies."
"Although behaviorists generally accept the important role of heredity in determining behavior, they focus primarily on environmental events."
"Behaviorism emerged in the early 1900s as a reaction to depth psychology and other traditional forms of psychology."
"Edward Thorndike pioneered the law of effect, a procedure that involved the use of consequences to strengthen or weaken behavior."
"John B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism, which rejected introspective methods and sought to understand behavior by only measuring observable behaviors and events."
"It was not until the 1930s that B. F. Skinner suggested that covert behavior—including cognition and emotions—is subject to the same controlling variables as observable behavior."
"The technique became known as operant conditioning."
"The application of radical behaviorism—known as applied behavior analysis—is used in a variety of contexts, including, for example, applied animal behavior and organizational behavior management to treatment of mental disorders, such as autism and substance abuse."
"While behaviorism and cognitive schools of psychological thought do not agree theoretically, they have complemented each other in the cognitive-behavior therapies."
"Cognitive-behavior therapies have demonstrated utility in treating certain pathologies, including simple phobias, PTSD, and mood disorders."
"Behaviorism emerged in the early 1900s as a reaction to depth psychology and other traditional forms of psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested experimentally."
"John B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism, which rejected introspective methods and sought to understand behavior by only measuring observable behaviors and events."
"B. F. Skinner suggested that covert behavior—including cognition and emotions—is subject to the same controlling variables as observable behavior."
"The technique became known as operant conditioning."
"The application of radical behaviorism—known as applied behavior analysis—is used in a variety of contexts, including... applied animal behavior and organizational behavior management to treatment of mental disorders..."
"Although behaviorists generally accept the important role of heredity in determining behavior, they focus primarily on environmental events."
"Edward Thorndike pioneered the law of effect, a procedure that involved the use of consequences to strengthen or weaken behavior."
"It was not until the 1930s that B. F. Skinner suggested that covert behavior—including cognition and emotions—is subject to the same controlling variables as observable behavior."
"...treating certain pathologies, including simple phobias, PTSD, and mood disorders."