- "A key early scientist was B. F. Skinner..."
Emphasizes the use of scientific methods to understand behavior and its underlying principles.
Operant Conditioning: The study of how behavior is shaped by its consequences, and how reinforcement can be used to increase the likelihood of certain behaviors.
Classical Conditioning: The study of how environmental cues can elicit automatic responses, and how these responses can be modified through pairing with other stimuli.
Reinforcement: The use of rewards to encourage desired behavior.
Punishment: The use of negative consequences to discourage unwanted behavior.
Extinction: The gradual decrease in behavior when a reinforcement is removed.
Discrimination Training: The teaching of different responses to different stimuli.
Generalization: The transfer of learning from one situation to another.
Shaping: The gradual modification of behavior towards a desired goal.
Chaining: The linking of individual behaviors to form a complex chain of actions.
Behavior Modification: The use of operant conditioning principles to modify behavior.
Token Economy: The use of tokens or rewards to encourage desired behavior.
Social Learning: The study of how observation of others can influence behavior.
Self-regulation: The ability to control one's own behavior.
Contingency Management: The use of reinforcement to maintain desirable behavior.
Biofeedback: The use of physiological measures to monitor and modify behavior.
Single-Subject Research Design: This design uses a single subject to experiment and observe, and they are usually conducted to reinforce or reduce behavior.
Group Research Design: This design involves several subjects, and it's used to test hypotheses about the relationship between a behavior and other variables.
Controlled Experiments: This design involves manipulation of variables. For example, to determine if a certain behavior is a result of a specific action, the experimenter might change the environment or introduce a new variable.
Naturalistic Observation: This design is used when observing the natural behavior of an individual in a specific environment without intervention.
Operant Conditioning: This type of analysis focuses on the response to stimuli or reinforcement on an individual's behavior.
Classical Conditioning: This type of analysis focuses on the associative learning of behavior by pairing or linking the observed behavior with a stimulus, which leads to an automatic response.
ABA design: This design is commonly used for studying behavior in which it is measured at different time periods. The behaviors are then monitored after being provided intervention, and changes are monitored — referred to as a baseline and treatment phase.
Reversal Design: In this design, an individual's behavior is monitored during a baseline period. Then comes the intervention, and finally, the intervention is removed, so the behavior returns to the baseline — to see if the change was due to intervention or other factors.
Multiple Baseline Designs: This design is frequently used to infer causal relationships. Observations are made before and after an intervention in different conditions, and the data is collected and analyzed to identify correlations.
Comparative Designs: This design is used to compare behaviors in various conditions or between groups. It is used mostly in cross-cultural studies.
Factorial Design: In this design, two or more factors are utilized to analyze and see the effects of interventions.
Constructive Design: This design creates or incorporates models to understand specific behaviors.
Human Performance Testing: This design is mostly used in analyzing procedures related to human performance, such as decision-making, complex motor skills, or memory tests.
Self-Monitoring: This design focuses on monitoring individuals' behavior through self-reports, diaries, or direct observation.
Micro-Analysis: This design involves the use of technology to record small, subtle changes happening in behavior over short periods, which cannot be captured with the naked eye.
- "...discovered operant behavior, reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, contingencies of reinforcement, stimulus control, shaping, intermittent schedules, discrimination, and generalization."
- "A central method was the examination of functional relations between environment and behavior..."
- "...as opposed to hypothetico-deductive learning theory that had grown up in the comparative psychology of the 1920–1950 period."
- "...observation of measurable behavior which could be predicted and controlled."
- "It owed its early success to the effectiveness of Skinner's procedures of operant conditioning..."
- "...operant behavior, reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, contingencies of reinforcement, stimulus control, shaping, intermittent schedules, discrimination, and generalization."
- "...a science that studies the behavior of individuals across a variety of species."
- "...comparative psychology of the 1920–1950 period."
- "...measurable behavior which could be predicted and controlled."
- "Skinner's procedures of operant conditioning..."
- "...in behavior therapy."
- "...reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, contingencies of reinforcement..."
- "...observation of measurable behavior..."
- "...stimulus control, shaping, intermittent schedules, discrimination, and generalization."
- "...examination of functional relations between environment and behavior..."
- "...comparative psychology of the 1920–1950 period."
- "...measurable behavior which could be predicted and controlled."
- "...it owed its early success to the effectiveness of Skinner's procedures..."
- "...both in the laboratory and in behavior therapy."