Quote: "Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals."
This subfield concerns the protection and enforcement of individual rights and freedoms, including issues related to discrimination, human rights, and constitutional law.
History of Civil Rights Law: A study of the evolution of civil rights laws in the United States, including landmark court cases and legislation.
Race Discrimination: Discrimination based on a person's race or ethnicity, including examples of discrimination and strategies to combat it.
Gender Discrimination: Discrimination based on a person's gender or sexual orientation, including examples of discrimination and strategies to combat it.
Disability Discrimination: Discrimination based on a person's physical or mental disability, including examples of discrimination and strategies to combat it.
Religious Discrimination: Discrimination based on a person's religious beliefs or practices, including examples of discrimination and strategies to combat it.
Age Discrimination: Discrimination based on a person's age, including examples of discrimination and strategies to combat it.
Discrimination in Employment: The study of laws that protect employees from discrimination in the hiring and firing process, as well as in promotions, pay, and working conditions.
Discrimination in Education: The study of laws that protect students from discrimination in schools and universities, as well as discrimination in scholarships, athletics, and extra-curricular activities.
Discrimination in Housing: The study of laws that protect individuals from discrimination in the buying, renting, or financing of housing, including redlining and discriminatory zoning.
Voting Rights: The study of laws that protect individuals' rights to vote, including voter ID laws, gerrymandering, and efforts to suppress voting.
Police Brutality and Civil Rights Violations: The study of cases of police brutality and other civil rights violations, including the use of excessive force, discriminatory policing practices, and misconduct by law enforcement.
Affirmative Action: The study of policies and practices designed to increase representation and opportunities for members of historically disadvantaged groups in employment, education, and other areas of life.
Quote: "Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples' physical and mental integrity, life, and safety; protection from discrimination on grounds such as sex, race, sexual orientation, national origin, color, age, political affiliation, ethnicity, social class, religion, and disability."
Quote: "Individual rights such as privacy and the freedom of thought, speech, religion, press, assembly, and movement."
Quote: "Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics."
Quote: "Freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote."
Quote: "Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights."
Quote: "Civil and political rights comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights."
Quote: "The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be 'first-generation rights'."
Quote: "The theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights."
Quote: "Civil and political rights protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals."
Quote: "Protection from discrimination on grounds such as sex, race, sexual orientation, national origin, color, age, political affiliation, ethnicity, social class, religion, and disability."
Quote: "Individual rights such as privacy and the freedom of thought, speech, religion, press, assembly, and movement."
Quote: "Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy."
Quote: "Rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote."
Quote: "Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights."
Quote: "Civil and political rights form the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with economic, social, and cultural rights comprising the second portion)."
Quote: "The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be 'first-generation rights'."
Quote: "The theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights."
Quote: "Civil and political rights ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state."
Quote: "Civil and political rights protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals."