Quote: "The interwar period (or interbellum) lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 – the end of the First World War to the beginning of the Second World War."
The study of the period between World War I and World War II.
Treaty of Versailles: An international agreement signed at the end of World War I, which imposed heavy penalties on Germany and laid the groundwork for the Interwar period.
League of Nations: An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and prevent future wars.
Great Depression: A severe economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted throughout much of the Interwar period.
Rise of Fascism: The emergence of far-right political movements in Europe, characterized by authoritarianism, nationalism, and often, racism.
Soviet Union: The world's first socialist state, established after the Russian Revolution in 1917, which became a major geopolitical player during the Interwar period.
Spanish Civil War: A conflict fought in Spain from 1936 to 1939 between the leftist Republican government and the right-wing nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco.
Weimar Republic: The democratic government of Germany established after World War I, which faced significant challenges during the Interwar period, including economic crisis, political instability, and the rise of the Nazi Party.
Treaty of Locarno: An agreement signed in 1925 between Germany, France, and other European powers, which aimed to prevent another major war in Europe.
New Economic Policy: A series of economic reforms initiated by Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin in 1921, which aimed to restore the country's economy after World War I and the Russian Revolution.
Neville Chamberlain: British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940, best known for his policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany before World War II.
Quote: "Petroleum-based energy production and associated mechanisation led to the prosperous Roaring Twenties, a time of both social mobility and economic mobility for the middle class. Automobiles, electric lighting, radio, and more became common among populations in the developed world."
Quote: "The indulgences of the era subsequently were followed by the Great Depression, an unprecedented worldwide economic downturn that severely damaged many of the world's largest economies."
Quote: "Politically, the era coincided with the rise of communism, starting in Russia with the October Revolution and Russian Civil War, at the end of World War I, and ended with the rise of fascism, particularly in Germany and Italy."
Quote: "China was in the midst of half-a-century of instability and the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party."
Quote: "The empires of Britain, France, and others faced challenges as imperialism was increasingly viewed negatively in Europe, and independence movements emerged in many colonies."
Quote: "The Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and German Empires were dismantled, with the Ottoman territories and German colonies redistributed among the Allies, chiefly Britain and France."
Quote: "The western parts of the Russian Empire, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland became independent nations in their own right, and Bessarabia (now Moldova and parts of Ukraine) chose to reunify with Romania."
Quote: "Ireland was partitioned between the independent Irish Free State and the British-controlled Northern Ireland after the Irish Civil War in which the Free State fought against 'anti-treaty' Irish republicans, who opposed partition."
Quote: "In the Middle East, both Egypt and Iraq gained independence."
Quote: "During the Great Depression, countries in Latin America nationalized many foreign companies (most of which belonged to the United States) in a bid to strengthen their own economies."
Quote: "The territorial ambitions of the Soviets, Japanese, Italians, and Germans led to the expansion of their domains." Note: Unfortunately, the provided paragraph does not contain specific quotes for questions 8, 9, 10, and 12. However, the information is still conveyed in the paragraph.