A series of economic reforms initiated by Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin in 1921, which aimed to restore the country's economy after World War I and the Russian Revolution.
War Communism: The economic policy instituted by Lenin during the Russian Civil War, characterized by strict government control of all aspects of the economy.
NEP: The New Economic Policy was launched after War Communism and allowed some degree of market-based economic activity.
Gosplan: The State Planning Committee in charge of central planning of the Soviet economy.
Kulaks: Wealthy peasants who were persecuted under Stalin's collectivization policies.
Scissors crisis: An economic crisis in the Soviet Union in the early 1920s caused by the divergence of agricultural and industrial prices.
Dekulakization: The forced removal and exile of kulaks, which resulted in the deaths of millions.
Five-Year Plans: Stalin's series of economic plans aimed at rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
Forced labor: The use of forced labor, including the use of prisoners and political dissidents, was a common practice in the Soviet Union during the Interwar period.
Soviet banking system: The centralized banking system established in the Soviet Union under the NEP.
NEPmen: A term used to describe the private entrepreneurs who emerged during the NEP period.
Socialism in one country: Stalin's policy of prioritizing the development of socialism within the Soviet Union, rather than actively promoting worldwide revolution.
Industrialization: The rapid expansion of industry in the Soviet Union under the Five-Year Plans.
Collectivization: The forced consolidation of individual farms into collective farms during the Soviet Union's agricultural reforms.
Trotskyism: The political ideology of Leon Trotsky, who opposed the policies of Stalin and advocated for worldwide revolutionary action.
Criticisms of the NEP: Criticisms that arose during the NEP period about the effects of market-based policies on the Soviet economy and society.
Mixed economy: A system that combines elements of both capitalism and socialism, where the government regulates some industries while leaving others to market forces.
Command economy: A system in which the government controls all aspects of the economy, including production, distribution, and pricing.
Free market economy: A system in which the market determines prices, production, and distribution, with minimal government intervention.
Agricultural collectivization: A policy that aimed to consolidate small farms into larger collectives, in order to increase productivity and efficiency.
Industrialization: A policy that sought to modernize the country's industrial sector by building new factories, increasing production, and improving infrastructure.
Five-Year Plans: A series of plans that set specific production targets for the economy, with the aim of achieving rapid industrialization and modernization.
Credit and currency policies: Measures aimed at stabilizing the economy by regulating interest rates, inflation, and currency exchange rates.
Trade policies: Policies that aimed to promote domestic industries by imposing tariffs on imports and subsidizing exports.
Labor policies: Measures aimed at regulating working conditions, wages, and hours of work, in order to protect workers' rights and promote economic growth.