"Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues."
This examines how resources are allocated, the trade-off between environmental preservation and economic growth, and sustainability issues.
Natural resources: Study of the availability, distribution, and sustainability of natural resources such as land, water, forests, minerals, and energy sources.
Renewable and non-renewable resources: Explanation of the difference between resources that can be replenished over time and those that are finite and cannot be renewed.
Resource use efficiency: Analysis of the efficiency of resource use in terms of how much is used to produce a unit of output and ways to improve resource allocation.
Environmental economics: Interdisciplinary study of the relationship between economic activity and the environment, including pollution, natural resource depletion, and climate change.
Economic growth and resource depletion: Investigation of the effects of economic growth on the depletion of natural resources and identification of ways to balance economic development and resource conservation.
Economic incentives for resource conservation: Study of incentive mechanisms that can be used to encourage resource conservation, including market-based instruments such as taxes and subsidies.
Valuation of natural resources: Methods for assessing the economic value of natural resources, including contingent valuation and hedonic pricing techniques.
Water resource economics: Analysis of the economic issues related to the use and management of water resources, including water pricing, allocation, and sustainability.
Energy resource economics: Study of the economics of energy use and production, including pricing, efficiency, and sustainability.
Forestry economics: Economic analysis of the forestry sector, including forest management, timber pricing, and sustainability.
Fishery economics: Economic study of the fishing industry, including management, regulation, and allocation of fishery resources.
Common pool resources: Economic analysis of shared resources such as fisheries, forests, and grazing lands, and ways to prevent overuse and depletion.
Circular economy: Economic system that aims to minimize waste and maximize resource use by designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use, and regenerating natural systems.
Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, incorporating economic, social, and environmental considerations.
Green economy: Economic system that values and promotes environmental sustainability, including the development of green technologies and the use of renewable energy sources.
Corporate social responsibility: Voluntary actions taken by companies to address social, environmental, and economic issues, including resource use and conservation.
Renewable Resource Economics: This subfield studies the management and economics of utilizing and controlling renewable resources like water, forests, and fisheries, among others.
Non-renewable Resource Economics: This subfield studies resource economics constrained by geological depletion, or the extraction of natural resources such as fossil fuels that have a finite amount of supply.
Agro-Economics: This subfield studies the economics of agricultural production, including food production, livestock production, and the economics of crop protection.
Ecological Economics: This subfield studies the interactions between economic systems and ecological systems, focusing on the economic aspects of environmental problems and sustainability.
Risk Analysis and Management: This subfield studies the measurement and management of risks associated with natural resources, including uncertainties in price changes, supply availability, and climate change.
Water Resource Economics: This subfield studies the dynamics between water as a resource and issues such as water scarcity, water pollution, and water use behavior.
Land Use and Land Management: This subfield studies the allocation of land resources, including the management of soil quality, the preservation of natural habitats, and the protection of geographical features.
Energy Economics: This subfield studies the economics of the energy sector, including the demand for energy, fuel pricing, and the economics of energy production.
Climate Change Economics: This subfield studies the economics of climate change and its effects on the economy and society, including how policies aimed at mitigating climate change impacts may affect industry and government.
Environmental Economics: This subfield studies the economic analysis of environmental problems and how economic incentives could promote sustainable development.
"It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century."
"Theoretical or empirical studies of the economic effects of national or local environmental policies around the world."
"Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Environmental economics is distinguished from ecological economics in that ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem with its focus upon preserving natural capital."
"Ecological economists emphasizing 'strong' sustainability and rejecting the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"One survey of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought."
"Ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem."
"The focus [of ecological economics] is upon preserving natural capital."
"Ecological economists reject the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"...to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Environmental policies have economic effects in national or local contexts around the world."
"Growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century."
"Particular issues include the costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies."
"Dealing with air pollution, water quality, toxic substances, solid waste, and global warming."
"Ecological economics emphasizes the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem."
"Preserving natural capital."
"Ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic thought."
"Rejecting the proposition that human-made ('physical') capital can substitute for natural capital."
"Concerns regarding environmental issues."