"Chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei."
This topic covers the basic concepts of matter, energy, and their behavior in chemical reactions.
Matter: The basic building block of everything around us. This topic covers the properties of matter, how matter can exist in different states, and the laws of physics that govern the behavior of matter.
Energy: The capacity to do work. This topic covers the different forms of energy, including kinetic, potential, thermal, electrical, and chemical energy, as well as the laws of thermodynamics that govern the behavior of energy.
Atomic Structure: The basic structure of atoms, including the subatomic particles that make them up and the rules that govern how they are arranged. This topic includes discussions of atomic models, electron configuration, and the periodic table of elements.
Chemical Bonds: The forces that hold atoms together in molecules and compounds. This topic covers the different types of chemical bonds, including covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds, as well as the rules that govern their formation and properties.
States of Matter: The different physical forms that matter can take, including solid, liquid, and gas, as well as the more exotic states like plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates. This topic covers the properties of each state and the transitions between them.
Thermodynamics: The study of how energy is transferred between different systems and how it affects the behavior of matter. This topic covers the laws of thermodynamics and their applications, including heat engines and refrigeration.
Electricity and Magnetism: The study of how electrical charges and magnetic fields interact with matter. This topic covers topics like electric circuits, electromagnetism, and the behavior of light and other electromagnetic waves.
Nuclear Physics: The study of the behavior and properties of atomic nuclei. This topic covers topics like radioactivity, nuclear fission and fusion, and particle physics.
Astrophysics: The study of the behavior and properties of matter and energy on a cosmic scale. This topic covers topics like stellar evolution, black holes, and the nature of the universe itself.
Atoms: The basic unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons.
Molecules: A group of atoms bonded together, forming a stable particle.
Elements: A substance made up of one type of atom, characterized by its atomic number.
Compounds: A substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined.
Mixtures: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined.
Solids: A form of matter that has a fixed shape and volume.
Liquids: A form of matter that has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container.
Gases: A form of matter that has no fixed shape or volume and expands to fill its container.
Plasma: A state of matter that exists at high temperatures, in which atoms become ionized and electrons are free to move.
Bose-Einstein Condensate: A state of matter that occurs at extremely low temperatures, in which particles merge into a single quantum state.
Mechanical Energy: The energy associated with the motion and position of an object.
Thermal Energy: The energy associated with the temperature of an object or substance.
Chemical Energy: The energy stored in chemical bonds, which can be released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.
Nuclear Energy: The energy released during nuclear reactions, such as nuclear fusion or fission.
Electromagnetic Energy: The energy of electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Kinetic Energy: The energy of motion.
Potential Energy: The energy stored in an object or system due to its position or configuration.
Sound Energy: The energy associated with the vibrations of sound waves.
Gravitational Energy: The energy associated with the position of an object in a gravitational field.
Magnetic Energy: The energy associated with magnetic fields and the interactions between magnetic materials.
"Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur."
"The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents."
"Chemical reactions yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants."
"Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism."
"Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions."
"Typically, reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms."
"A reaction may be classified as redox in which oxidation and reduction occur or non-redox in which there is no oxidation and reduction occurring."
"Most simple redox reactions may be classified as a combination, decomposition, or single displacement reaction."
"Different chemical reactions are used during chemical synthesis in order to obtain the desired product."
"In biochemistry, a consecutive series of chemical reactions form metabolic pathways, where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next reaction."
"These reactions are often catalyzed by protein enzymes. Enzymes increase the rates of biochemical reactions."
"Metabolic syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions can occur at the temperature and concentrations present within a cell."
"The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, and reactions between elementary particles."
"Nuclear chemistry involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes can occur."
"Chemical equations symbolically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions."
"Chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei."
"Reaction rates increase with increasing temperature because there is more thermal energy available to reach the activation energy necessary for breaking bonds between atoms."
"A reaction may be classified as redox in which oxidation and reduction occur or non-redox in which there is no oxidation and reduction occurring."
"Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism."