Quote: "In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy."
The energy of electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Electric Charge: Electric charge is the property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electric field.
Coulomb's Law: Coulomb's law relates the magnitude of electric charges to the force between them.
Electric Field: An electric field is the region around a charged object where another charged object will experience a force.
Electric Potential Energy: Electric potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position in an electric field.
Capacitance: Capacitance is the ability of a system to store electric charge.
Electric Current: Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor.
Voltage: Voltage is the energy per unit charge required to move an electric charge from one point to another.
Ohm's Law: Ohm's law relates the electric current through a conductor to the voltage and resistance of the conductor.
Resistance: Resistance is the property of a conductor that resists the flow of electric charge.
Electric Power: Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred.
Magnetic Field: A magnetic field is the region around a magnet where another magnet or magnetic material will experience a force.
Magnetic Force: Magnetism is a fundamental force that attracts or repels magnetic materials.
Faraday's Law: Faraday's law describes the relationship between a changing magnetic field and the electric current it generates.
Inductance: Inductance is the ability of a system to store energy in a magnetic field.
Magnetic Circuits: Magnetic circuits are systems that transport magnetic energy from one place to another.
Electromagnetic Waves: Electromagnetic waves are a form of energy that travels through space as electromagnetic radiation.
Reflection, Refraction, and Diffraction: Reflection, refraction, and diffraction are phenomena that describe how electromagnetic waves interact with surfaces, materials, and obstacles.
Polarization: Polarization is a property of certain electromagnetic waves that describes the orientation of their electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic Spectrum: The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma rays, that differ in frequency, wavelength, and energy.
Quantum Electrodynamics: Quantum electrodynamics is the branch of physics that describes the interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation at the quantum, or microscopic, level.
Radio Waves: Radio waves are the lowest frequency and longest wavelength of electromagnetic energy, used in communication systems and broadcasting.
Microwaves: Waves with shorter wavelengths than radio waves, used in communication systems, cooking, and radar.
Infrared Rays: Used in heat lamps, remote controls, and various other applications, the waves with slightly shorter wavelength than microwaves.
Visible Light: The light waves that we can see, consisting of seven different colors from longest wavelength red to the shortest wavelength violet.
Ultraviolet Rays: Used in tanning beds, black lights, and sterilization, the waves of shorter wavelength than visible light.
X-rays: X-rays can penetrate solid objects, used in medical imaging and detection of material defects.
Gamma Rays: The most energetic and shortest wavelength electromagnetic radiation, produced by nuclear reactions like radioactive decay.
Quote: "Types of EMR include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays."
Quote: "In a vacuum, electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, commonly denoted c."
Quote: "In homogeneous, isotropic media, the oscillations of the two fields are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy and wave propagation, forming a transverse wave."
Quote: "The position of an electromagnetic wave within the electromagnetic spectrum can be characterized by either its frequency of oscillation or its wavelength."
Quote: "In order of increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength these are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays."
Quote: "Electromagnetic waves are emitted by electrically charged particles undergoing acceleration."
Quote: "EM waves carry energy, momentum and angular momentum away from their source particle and can impart those quantities to matter with which they interact."
Quote: "EMR is sometimes referred to as the far field, as it is associated with those EM waves that are free to propagate themselves ('radiate') without the continuing influence of the moving charges that produced them."
Quote: "In this language, the near field refers to EM fields near the charges and current that directly produced them, specifically electromagnetic induction and electrostatic induction phenomena."
Quote: "In quantum mechanics, an alternate way of viewing EMR is that it consists of photons, uncharged elementary particles with zero rest mass which are the quanta of the electromagnetic field, responsible for all electromagnetic interactions."
Quote: "Quantum electrodynamics is the theory of how EMR interacts with matter on an atomic level."
Quote: "Quantum effects provide additional sources of EMR, such as the transition of electrons to lower energy levels in an atom and black-body radiation."
Quote: "The energy of an individual photon is quantized and is greater for photons of higher frequency. This relationship is given by Planck's equation E = hf."
Quote: "A single gamma ray photon, for example, might carry ~100,000 times the energy of a single photon of visible light."
Quote: "The effects of EMR upon chemical compounds and biological organisms depend both upon the radiation's power and its frequency."
Quote: "EMR of visible or lower frequencies (i.e., visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves) is called non-ionizing radiation."
Quote: "The effects of these radiations on chemical systems and living tissue are caused primarily by heating effects from the combined energy transfer of many photons."
Quote: "High frequency ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays are called ionizing radiation since individual photons of such high frequency have enough energy to ionize molecules or break chemical bonds."
Quote: "These radiations have the ability to cause chemical reactions and damage living cells beyond that resulting from simple heating, and can be a health hazard."