"Translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates."
Translation is the process by which RNA is used to make proteins, and it is essential in molecular biology. This includes the different steps involved in translation and the types of molecules involved.
DNA replication: DNA replication is the process of producing identical copies of DNA molecules. It is an essential process for cellular growth, development, and reproduction.
Genetic code: The genetic code is the set of rules that dictate how DNA or RNA sequences are converted into proteins. It consists of triplet codons that code for specific amino acids and stop codons that signal the end of the protein.
Ribosomes: Ribosomes are cellular organelles that are responsible for protein synthesis. They are composed of RNA and protein and interact with messenger RNA to translate the genetic code into proteins.
mRNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where it is translated into proteins.
tRNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
Codon usage bias: Codon usage bias refers to the preference for specific codons to encode a particular amino acid. This preference can vary between species, and it can have an impact on protein expression levels and efficiency.
Transcription factors: Transcription factors are proteins that bind to DNA sequences and regulate gene expression. They play a crucial role in controlling the timing and rate of gene expression during translation.
Post-translational modification: Post-translational modifications are chemical modifications that occur to proteins after their initial translation. They can affect protein structure and function, and they are essential for proper protein function.
Protein folding: Protein folding is the process by which newly synthesized proteins form their final 3D structure. Proper folding is essential for protein function, and errors in protein folding can lead to diseases.
Regulation of translation: Regulation of translation refers to the various mechanisms that control the rate and efficiency of protein synthesis. It can involve the selective degradation of mRNA molecules or the modulation of the initiation or elongation of translation.
Peptide bond formation: Peptide bond formation is the chemical reaction by which amino acids are linked together to form a protein chain. It is catalyzed by the ribosome and requires the input of energy.
Protein targeting: Protein targeting is the process by which newly synthesized proteins are directed to the correct cellular compartment. It involves specific sorting signals that guide the protein to its final destination.
Transcription: The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
Reverse Transcription: The conversion of RNA to DNA, typically used by retroviruses as a means of replication.
Translation: The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template.
mRNA Editing: The modification of mRNA by the addition or deletion of nucleotides.
RNA Splicing: The selective removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA to produce mature mRNA.
Post-transcriptional Modification: The processing of mRNA after transcription, including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and RNA editing.
Post-translational Modification: The covalent modification of a protein after translation, including phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation.
Ribosome Recycling: The release of ribosomes from mRNA after translation has terminated, allowing them to be recycled for further use.
Nonsense-Mediated Decay: A cellular mechanism that targets and degrades mRNAs containing premature stop codons.
RNA Interference: The process by which small RNAs target and degrade specific mRNAs, thereby regulating gene expression.
"This sequence is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA."
"The nucleotides are considered three at a time. Each such triple results in the addition of one specific amino acid to the protein being generated."
"The matching from nucleotide triple to amino acid is called the genetic code."
"The translation is performed by a large complex of functional RNA and proteins called ribosomes."
"The entire process is called gene expression."
"In prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), translation occurs in the cytosol, where the large and small subunits of the ribosome bind to the mRNA."
"In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm or across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum in a process called co-translational translocation."
"The ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. The first tRNA is attached at the start codon."
"The last tRNA validated by the small ribosomal subunit transfers the amino acid to the large ribosomal subunit, creating an amino acid chain."
"The large ribosomal subunit binds the amino acid to one of the preceding admitted tRNA."
"When a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the polypeptide."
"The new protein is synthesized and released into the rough endoplasmic reticulum."
"Many types of transcribed RNA, such as transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and small nuclear RNA, do not undergo translation into proteins."
"Several antibiotics act by inhibiting translation."
"These include streptomycin and erythromycin."
"Prokaryotic ribosomes have a different structure from that of eukaryotic ribosomes."
"Antibiotics can specifically target bacterial infections without any harm to a eukaryotic host's cells."
"The small ribosomal subunit induces the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons."
"The ribosomal complex remains intact and moves on to the next mRNA to be translated."