"The pair-structured phrases 'religion and science' and 'science and religion' first emerged in the literature during the 19th century."
The study of the interaction between religious beliefs and scientific discoveries.
Cosmology: The study of the origin, structure, and evolution of the universe.
Creationism: The belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, as in the biblical account, rather than by natural processes such as evolution.
Intelligent Design: The belief that certain features of the universe and living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, rather than an undirected process such as natural selection.
Theology: The study of the nature of God, religious belief, and religious experience.
Evolution: The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.
Faith: A belief or set of beliefs, often religious, that is held with strong conviction.
Religious Pluralism: The acceptance of all religions as having an equal right to coexist.
Philosophy of Science: The study of the fundamental questions that arise from scientific inquiry, such as the nature of knowledge, truth, and reality.
Morality: The principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.
Science and Ethics: The study of the ethical implications of scientific discoveries and advancements.
Sociology of Religion: The study of the social, cultural, and institutional aspects of religion.
Cosmogony: The study of the origin of the universe and the process of its formation.
Religious Experience: The subjective experience of encountering the divine or supernatural.
Neurotheology: The study of the relationship between the brain and religious experience.
Ecology and Religion: The study of the relationship between religion and the environment.
Religious Ethics: The study of the ethical principles and values underlying religious traditions.
Pantheism: Study of the natural world and its phenomena, such as biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, and geology.
Atheism: Study of human behavior, societies, and institutions, such as psychology, sociology, economics, anthropology, and political science.
"The refining of 'science' and 'religion' as distinct concepts in the preceding few centuries—partly due to professionalization of the sciences, the Protestant Reformation, colonization, and globalization."
"The relationship between science and religion has been characterized in terms of 'conflict', 'harmony', 'complexity', and 'mutual independence', among others."
"Most scientific and technical innovations until the scientific revolution were achieved by societies organized by religious traditions."
"Ancient pagan, Islamic, and Christian scholars pioneered individual elements of the scientific method. Roger Bacon, often credited with formalizing the scientific method, was a Franciscan friar."
"Confucian thought, whether religious or non-religious in nature, has held different views of science over time."
"Many 21st-century Buddhists view science as complementary to their beliefs."
"Medieval Middle Eastern scholars empirically classified materials."
"John William Draper postulated a conflict thesis, suggesting that religion and science have been in conflict methodologically, factually, and politically throughout history."
"Some contemporary philosophers and scientists, such as Richard Dawkins, Lawrence Krauss, Peter Atkins, and Donald Prothero subscribe to this thesis."
"Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, Francisco Ayala, Kenneth R. Miller, and Francis Collins have seen compatibility or interdependence between religion and science."
"Stephen Jay Gould regarded religion and science as 'non-overlapping magisteria', addressing fundamentally separate forms of knowledge and aspects of life."
"Historians such as Stephen Shapin claim that 'it is a very long time since these attitudes have been held by historians of science.'"
"Some historians of science and mathematicians, including John Lennox, Thomas Berry, and Brian Swimme, propose an interconnection between science and religion."
"Ian Barbour believes there are even parallels."
"Public acceptance of scientific facts may sometimes be influenced by religious beliefs."
"The American National Academy of Sciences has written that 'the evidence for evolution can be fully compatible with religious faith'."
"A view endorsed by many religious denominations."
"Events in Europe such as the Galileo affair of the early 17th century, associated with the scientific revolution and the Age of Enlightenment, led scholars such as John William Draper to postulate a conflict thesis."
"While the classification of the material world by the ancient Indians and Greeks into air, earth, fire, and water was more metaphysical."