"Public budgeting is a field of public administration and a discipline in the academic study of public administration."
The process of allocating public resources among competing demands.
Overview of Public Budgeting: This topic covers the history, principles, and theories of public budgeting.
Budgetary Processes: This topic covers the stages of budgeting, including budget formulation, approval, execution, and monitoring.
Types of Budgets: This topic covers the types of budgets, such as performance-based budgeting, zero-based budgeting, and incremental budgeting.
Budgeting Techniques: This topic covers budgeting techniques such as forecasting, scenario analysis, and sensitivity analysis.
Budgetary Control: This topic covers budgetary control methods, including variance analysis and budgetary accountability.
Public Financial Management: This topic covers the principles and practices of public financial management, including accounting, auditing, and fiscal reporting.
Fiscal Policies: This topic covers the fiscal policies that impact public budgeting, including taxation, debt management, and fiscal sustainability.
Intergovernmental Relations: This topic covers the relations between different levels of government in budgeting and fiscal policymaking.
Budgetary Ethics: This topic covers budgetary ethics, including transparency, accountability, and ethical dilemmas in budgeting.
Performance Measurement: This topic covers performance measurement and management in public budgeting, including outcome and output measures, and evaluation techniques.
Budgetary Reforms: This topic covers budgetary reforms, including public sector reforms, budget reforms, and fiscal decentralization.
Budgetary Decisions: This topic covers the decision-making processes in public budgeting, including decision-making criteria and processes, stakeholder analysis, and political influences on budgeting.
Traditional budgeting: It is the most common type of budgeting where the focus is mainly on the financial aspects of the budget. It is a top-down approach, where the budget is prepared based on historical data.
Performance budgeting: This type of budgeting focuses on the results or outcomes of the budget. It is a bottom-up approach, where budget is prepared based on the desired outcomes.
Zero-based budgeting: It is an approach where the budget is prepared from scratch every year, rather than relying on the previous year's budget. It requires a detailed analysis of all expenses, and decisions have to be made based on the value of each expenditure.
Outcome-based budgeting: This type of budgeting is similar to performance budgeting, but the focus is more on the outcomes rather than the inputs.
Incremental budgeting: This type of budgeting is a modification of the traditional budgeting approach. In incremental budgeting, the previous year's budget is reviewed and adjusted based on current needs and requirements.
Activity-based budgeting: A budget is prepared based on the activities of a department or agency. It helps identify the costs associated with each activity and helps to allocate funds accordingly.
Participatory budgeting: This type of budgeting involves active participation by the public in the budget-making process. It helps to ensure that the public's needs and desires are taken into account when creating the budget.
Gender budgeting: This budgeting approach is designed to analyze the budget's impact on different genders, focusing on how budget decisions can influence the lives of women, men, and other genders differently.
Flexible budgeting: This type of budgeting is designed to facilitate changes in the budget based on the changing circumstances. It helps to ensure that the budget remains relevant and useful even in the face of changing conditions.
Program budgeting: It is an approach where the budget is prepared based on a program, rather than on the different departments and agencies that manage the program. It helps to ensure that the budget is aligned with the overall objective of the program, rather than focusing on the different departments or agencies that manage it.
"Budgeting is characterized by its approaches, functions, formation, and type."
"Smith and Lynch describe public budgeting through four perspectives: incrementalism, comprehensive planning, decision-making, and managerial."
"The politician sees the budget process as 'a political event conducted in the political arena for political advantage.'"
"The economist views budgeting as a matter of allocating resources in terms of opportunity cost where allocating resources to one consumer takes resources away from another consumer."
"The role of the economist, therefore, is to provide decision makers with the best possible information."
"The accountant's perspective focuses on the accountability value in budgeting which analyzes the amount budgeted to the actual expenditures thereby describing the 'wisdom of the original policy.'"
"Smith and Lynch's public manager's perspective on a budget is a policy tool to describe the implementation of public policy."
"A 'budget' is a plan for the accomplishment of programs related to objectives and goals within a definite time period, including an estimate of resources required, together with an estimate of resources available, usually compared with one or more past periods and showing future requirements."
"Public budgeting refers to the process of allocating and managing public funds, typically by a government or other public organization."
"It involves setting priorities, estimating revenue, determining spending levels, and monitoring the use of funds."
"Public budgeting is a field of public administration and a discipline in the academic study of public administration."
"Budgeting is characterized by its approaches, functions, formation, and type."
"The economist views budgeting as a matter of allocating resources in terms of opportunity cost where allocating resources to one consumer takes resources away from another consumer."
"The accountant's perspective focuses on the accountability value in budgeting which analyzes the amount budgeted to the actual expenditures thereby describing the 'wisdom of the original policy.'"
"Smith and Lynch's public manager's perspective on a budget is a policy tool to describe the implementation of public policy."
"A 'budget' is a plan for the accomplishment of programs related to objectives and goals within a definite time period, including an estimate of resources required, together with an estimate of resources available."
"...usually compared with one or more past periods and showing future requirements."
"Public budgeting refers to the process of allocating and managing public funds, typically by a government or other public organization."
"It involves setting priorities, estimating revenue, determining spending levels, and monitoring the use of funds."