"In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields."
The study of Electromagnetic theory and its practical applications.
Charge and Electric Fields: Introduction to electric charge, electric force and electric fields. Coulomb's Law, electric field due to point charges, electric field lines.
Gauss's Law and Electric Potential: Gauss's Law, calculation of electric flux and electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to point charge, dipole, etc.
Capacitance and Dielectrics: Introduction to capacitance and capacitors, calculation of capacitance, parallel plate capacitors, energy stored in a capacitor, dielectrics and polarization.
Current and Resistance: Introduction to electrical current, resistance and Ohm's law, factors affecting resistance, Kirchhoff's laws, resistivity and conductivity.
DC Circuits: Series and parallel circuits, voltage and current division, equivalent resistance, RC circuits, time constant, first order circuits.
Magnetic Fields and Forces: Introduction to magnetic fields and their properties, Biot-Savart law, calculation of magnetic fields due to current carrying wires and loops, magnetic forces on current-carrying wires.
Magnetic Induction: Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, Lenz's law, induced EMF, magnetic flux, transformer, AC generators, eddy currents.
AC Circuits: Introduction to alternating current, voltage and current waveforms, RMS and peak value, capacitive and inductive reactance, inductive and capacitive circuits, impedance, power factor, resonance.
Maxwell's Equations: Introduction to Maxwell's equations, Gauss's law for magnetism, Ampere's law, Faraday's law, electromagnetic wave equation, plane waves.
Electromagnetic Waves: Introduction to electromagnetic waves, wave properties, propagation, diffraction, polarization, reflection and refraction, ionosphere propagation, waveguides.
"The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature."
"Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles, causing an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge."
"Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, two distinct but closely intertwined phenomena."
"These two effects combine to create electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of charged particles, which can accelerate other charged particles via the Lorentz force."
"The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of the chemical and physical phenomena observed in daily life."
"Electric forces also allow different atoms to combine into molecules, including the macromolecules such as proteins that form the basis of life."
"Magnetic interactions between the spin and angular momentum magnetic moments of electrons also play a role in chemical reactivity; such relationships are studied in spin chemistry."
"Electromagnetism also plays a crucial role in modern technology: electrical energy production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators."
"Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times."
"Many ancient civilizations, including the Greeks and the Mayans, created wide-ranging theories to explain lightning, static electricity, and the attraction between magnetized pieces of iron ore."
"It wasn't until the late 18th century that scientists began to develop a mathematical basis for understanding the nature of electromagnetic interactions."
"In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday developed namesake laws which helped to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields."
"This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of Maxwell's equations, a set of four partial differential equations which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields."
"Maxwell's equations also predicted the existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves. Maxwell postulated that such waves make up visible light, which was later shown to be true."
"In the modern era, scientists have continued to refine the theorem of electromagnetism to take into account the effects of modern physics, including quantum mechanics and relativity."
"The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, particularly the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the 'medium' of propagation (permeability and permittivity), helped inspire Einstein's theory of special relativity in 1905."
"The field of quantum electrodynamics (QED) has modified Maxwell's equations to be consistent with the quantized nature of matter."
"In QED, the electromagnetic field is expressed in terms of discrete particles known as photons, which are also the physical quanta of light."
"Today, there exist many problems in electromagnetism that remain unsolved, such as the existence of magnetic monopoles and the mechanism by which some organisms can sense electric and magnetic fields."