"Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field."
Introduction to electric charge, electric force and electric fields. Coulomb's Law, electric field due to point charges, electric field lines.
Coulomb's law: A fundamental law describing the relationship between charges and force.
Electric field: A force field created by charged particles that can exert a force on other charges.
Electric potential: A scalar function that describes the potential energy per charge at each point in space.
Conductors: Materials that allow charges to move freely through them.
Insulators: Materials that do not allow charges to move freely through them.
Capacitance: A measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge.
Electric current: The rate at which charges move through a conductor.
Resistance: A measure of how much a material impedes the flow of current.
Ohm's law: A law that describes the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.
Kirchhoff's laws: Two laws that describe conservation of charge and energy in an electrical circuit.
RC circuits: Circuits that contain resistors and capacitors, and are used in filtering and time delay applications.
Electric potential energy: The energy associated with a charge in an electric field.
Gauss's law: A fundamental law relating the flux of an electric field to the enclosed charge.
Magnetic field: A force field created by moving charges that can exert a force on other moving charges.
Ampere's law: A fundamental law relating the magnetic field to the current that creates it.
Faraday's law: A fundamental law describing how a changing magnetic field can create an electric field.
Inductance: The ability of a circuit to store magnetic energy.
Lenz's law: A law describing the direction of induced currents in response to changes in magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic waves: Waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields that form the basis of all electromagnetic radiation, including light.
Positive Charge: A charge that has more protons than electrons.
Negative Charge: A charge that has more electrons than protons.
Neutral Charge: A charge that has an equal number of protons and electrons.
Point Charge: A charge that is concentrated at a single point in space.
Volume Charge: A charge that is distributed throughout a volume of space.
Surface Charge: A charge that is distributed over the surface of a conducting material.
Line Charge: A charge that is concentrated along a line in space.
Electric Field: A region in space where a charge will experience a force due to the presence of other charges.
Magnetic Field: A region in space where a magnetic force will be exerted on a moving charge or other magnetic object.
Uniform Electric Field: An electric field that has a constant strength and direction throughout its entire region.
Non-uniform Electric Field: An electric field that varies in strength or direction throughout its region.
Dipole Field: An electric field created by two opposite charges separated by a small distance.
Radial Electric Field: An electric field that emanates from a point charge and is directed radially outward in all directions.
Toroidal Magnetic Field: A magnetic field that circles around a torus or doughnut-shaped object.
Solenoidal Magnetic Field: A magnetic field that surrounds a wire or coil carrying a current.
Magnetic Monopole: A hypothetical magnetic particle that would have only one magnetic pole (north or south), unlike a magnet, which has both poles.
Electromagnetic Field: A field that combines both electric and magnetic fields, arising from the interaction between charges and moving charges.
"Electric charge can be positive or negative (commonly carried by protons and electrons respectively, by convention)."
"Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other."
"An object with no net charge is referred to as electrically neutral."
"Electric charge is a conserved property; the net charge of an isolated system, the quantity of positive charge minus the amount of negative charge, cannot change."
"Negative charge is carried by electrons, and positive charge is carried by the protons in the nuclei of atoms."
"If there are more electrons than protons in a piece of matter, it will have a negative charge, if there are fewer it will have a positive charge, and if there are equal numbers it will be neutral."
"Charge is quantized; it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called the elementary charge, e, about 1.602×10−19 C, which is the smallest charge that can exist freely."
"Particles called quarks have smaller charges, multiples of 1/3e, but they are found only combined in particles that have a charge that is an integer multiple of e."
"The interaction of electric charges with an electromagnetic field (a combination of an electric and a magnetic field) is the source of the electromagnetic (or Lorentz) force, which is one of the four fundamental interactions in physics."
"The study of photon-mediated interactions among charged particles is called quantum electrodynamics."
"The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C) named after French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb."
"In electrical engineering, it is also common to use the ampere-hour (A⋅h)."
"In physics and chemistry, it is common to use the elementary charge (e) as a unit."
"Chemistry also uses the Faraday constant, which is the charge of one mole of elementary charges."
"A moving charge also produces a magnetic field."
"The interaction of electric charges with an electromagnetic field (a combination of an electric and a magnetic field) is the source of the electromagnetic (or Lorentz) force."
"Electric charges produce electric fields."
"Early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still accurate for problems that do not require consideration of quantum effects."
"In the Standard Model, charge is an absolutely conserved quantum number. The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of −e."