"Urban planning, also known as town planning, city planning, regional planning, or rural planning, is a technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment..."
This subfield studies the physical and social environment in which individuals and families live.
Housing affordability: The measure of how much a household would need to spend on housing to maintain a reasonable standard of living.
Homelessness: The lack of a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence, or a person who resides in a shelter, welfare hotel, transitional program or place not meant for human habitation.
Sustainable housing: Housing that is designed, constructed and operated in an environmentally sustainable way that meets the needs of present and future generations.
Green buildings: Homes and commercial buildings designed to minimize the negative impact on the environment and maximize energy efficiency, health, and productivity.
Indoor air quality: The level of air pollution inside a building that may negatively affect the health and wellbeing of occupants.
Water conservation: The practice of reducing water usage, limiting waste and preserving water resources.
Waste management: The collection, transportation, and disposal of waste products in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner.
Urban planning: The process of designing and managing urban environments, including the physical layout and development of infrastructure, transportation systems, and public spaces.
Natural disasters and housing: The impact of natural disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, on housing and the environment, and strategies for mitigating their effects.
Transportation and housing: The relationship between transportation networks and residential development, and strategies for promoting sustainable transportation options and reduced reliance on cars.
Affordable housing: Housing that is affordable to households whose income is below the median household income in their area, and government policies and programs to promote its availability.
Housing discrimination: The unlawful treatment of individuals or groups in the housing market because of their race, gender, age, disability, religion or national origin.
Single-family home: A home that is designed for individual or family occupancy on a single lot.
Multi-family home: A building designed to accommodate multiple families or tenants, such as apartment complexes, duplexes, triplexes or quadruplexes.
Condominium: A unit in a multi-unit building that is individually owned and can be bought or sold.
Cooperative: A multi-unit building where residents own shares in the building corporation.
Townhouse: A house that is attached to one or more homes and occupies a small lot, usually with a small front yard.
Manufactured homes: A prefabricated home that is built and assembled in a factory before being transported to the lot.
Tiny houses: A minimalist housing option that typically measures less than 500 square feet.
Houseboats: A boat that is designed to be used as a residence, typically with a small living area, kitchen, and sleeping area.
Yurts and tents: A traditional portable dwelling used by nomadic people.
Mobile homes: A housing unit that is built on a chassis and can be moved to different locations.
Mansions: A large, luxurious house, typically owned by an affluent family or individual.
Cottages: A small, typically rural house, often used as a vacation home.
Earth homes: A home that is built into the earth or using materials from the surrounding environment.
Sustainable homes: A home that is designed to have a minimal impact on the environment.
Apartments: A set of rooms usually on one floor of a building, designed for use as living space.
Duplex: A two-story house with an apartment on each floor.
Bungalow: A house that has one and a half stories and usually a sloping roof and a front porch.
Senior living: A community designed for elderly people that usually includes amenities such as health care, entertainment, and housekeeping services.
Gated community: A residential area that is enclosed by a fence or wall and has controlled access.
Shared housing: A housing option where people live together and share living spaces and common areas to save money.
"...including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks and their accessibility."
"Many professional practitioners of urban planning, especially practitioners with the title 'urban planner,' study urban planning education, while some paraprofessional practitioners are educated in urban studies..."
"...others study and work in urban policy - the aspect of public policy used in the public administration subfield of political science that is most aligned with urban planning."
"Traditionally, urban planning followed a top-down approach in master planning the physical layout of human settlements."
"The primary concern was the public welfare, which included considerations of efficiency, sanitation, protection and use of the environment, as well as effects of the master plans on the social and economic activities."
"Over time, urban planning has adopted a focus on the social and environmental bottom-lines that focus on planning as a tool to improve the health and well-being of people while maintaining sustainability standards."
"In the early 21st century, Jane Jacobs's writings on legal and political perspectives effectively influenced urban planners to take into broader consideration of resident experiences and needs while planning."
"Urban planning answers questions about how people will live, work and play in a given area and thus, guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas."
"Urban planners are also responsible for planning the efficient transportation of goods, resources, people and waste..."
"...a sense of inclusion and opportunity for people of all kinds, culture and needs; economic growth or business development; improving health and conserving areas of natural environmental significance..."
"Since most urban planning teams consist of highly educated individuals that work for city governments, recent debates focus on how to involve more community members in city planning processes."
"Urban planning is an interdisciplinary field that includes aspects of civil engineering, architecture, geography, political science, environmental studies, design sciences, history, economics, sociology, anthropology, business administration, and other fields."
"Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, engineering architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation, and management."
"It is closely related to the field of urban design, and some urban planners provide designs for streets, parks, buildings, and other urban areas."
"The discipline of urban planning is the broader category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning, and transportation planning."
"Another important aspect of urban planning is that the range of urban planning projects include the large-scale master planning of empty sites or Greenfield projects as well as small-scale interventions and refurbishments of existing structures, buildings, and public spaces."
"Pierre Charles L'Enfant in Washington, D.C., Daniel Burnham in Chicago, Lúcio Costa in Brasília, and Georges-Eugene Haussmann in Paris planned cities from scratch, and Robert Moses and Le Corbusier refurbished and transformed cities and neighborhoods to meet their ideas of urban planning."
"Creating the plans requires a thorough understanding of penal codes and zonal codes of planning."
"Sustainable development was added as one of the main goals of all planning endeavors in the late 20th century when the detrimental economic and the environmental impacts of the previous models of planning had become apparent."