Solutions and Solubility

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This topic covers the behavior of solutes and solvents in solutions, including concentration, solubility, and colligative properties.

What is a Solution?: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where the substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture.
Types of Solutions: Solutions can be of four types - solid-solid solutions, solid-liquid solutions, liquid-solid solutions and liquid-liquid solutions.
Concentration of Solutions: The amount of solute present in a given quantity of solution. Can be measured in different ways - molarity, molality, normality, percentage, etc.
Factors Affecting Solubility: Temperature, pressure, nature of solute and solvent, and presence of other solutes can affect the solubility of a solute in a solvent.
Colligative Properties: Physical properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of solute particles, but not on their identity. Examples include lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, and osmotic pressure.
Saturated, Unsaturated and Supersaturated Solutions: Saturated solutions contain maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature and pressure. Unsaturated solutions contain less than maximum amount of solute, while supersaturated solutions contain more than maximum amount of solute.
Solubility Product: The product of the ion concentrations in a saturated solution of a salt at a given temperature. Used to calculate the solubility of a salt, and to determine whether or not a precipitate will form in a given solution.
Henry's Law: The amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. Describes the behavior of gases in solutions.
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