"In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent."
Saturated solutions contain maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature and pressure. Unsaturated solutions contain less than maximum amount of solute, while supersaturated solutions contain more than maximum amount of solute.
Types of solutions: Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions.
Solubility: Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent to form a homogenous mixture at a given temperature and pressure.
Factors affecting solubility: Factors affecting solubility refers to the various parameters such as temperature, pressure, and the nature of solute and solvent that influence the amount of solute that can dissolve in a given solvent at a particular condition.
Concentration: Concentration refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent, and it determines the strength or ratio of components in a solution.
Colligative Properties: Colligative properties refer to the physical properties of a solution that depend on the number of dissolved particles, rather than their chemical nature.
Molarity: Molarity refers to the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molality: Molality refers to the concentration of a solution expressed in terms of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Henry's Law: Henry's Law is a fundamental principle that states the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid.
Raoult's Law: Raoult's Law states that the vapor pressure of a component in a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
The effect of temperature: The effect of temperature refers to how increasing or decreasing the temperature of a solvent affects its ability to dissolve solute particles, resulting in changes to the saturation level and solubility of a solution.
The effect of pressure: The effect of pressure in chemistry refers to how increasing or decreasing pressure can affect the solubility of solutes in a solvent, influencing the saturation level and potentially leading to changes in the state or behavior of a solution.
Saturation point: The saturation point is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature, resulting in a saturated solution.
Solubility curves: Solubility curves show the relationship between temperature and the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent, indicating the solubility of a substance at different temperatures.
Separation of mixtures: The topic of Separation of mixtures in Chemistry refers to the process of separating the components of a mixture based on their unique physical or chemical properties.
Practical applications of solubility: Practical applications of solubility involve utilizing the knowledge of how substances dissolve to create products such as medications, food formulations, and cleaning agents.
Simple Saturated Solution: A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure.
Mixed Saturated Solution: A solution where two or more soluble substances are mixed together in such a way that no more of any of the substances can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure.
Simple Unsaturated Solution: A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure.
Mixed Unsaturated Solutions: A solution where two or more soluble substances are mixed together in such a way that more of any of the substances can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure.
Simple Supersaturated Solution: A solution that contains more solute than it would normally be able to dissolve at a given temperature and pressure. When such a solution is cooled, the excess solute crystallizes, forming a precipitate.
Mixed Supersaturated Solution: A mixture of two or more substances in which the amount of solute exceeds the maximum amount that can be dissolved for each component at a given temperature and pressure. When such a solution is cooled, the excess solute crystallizes out of solution, forming separate crystals of each component.
"Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution."
"The extent of the solubility of a substance in a specific solvent is generally measured as the concentration of the solute in a saturated solution, one in which no more solute can be dissolved."
"At this point, the two substances are said to be at the solubility equilibrium."
"For some solutes and solvents, there may be no such limit, in which case the two substances are said to be 'miscible in all proportions' (or just 'miscible')."
"Gases are always miscible in all proportions unless in very extreme situations."
"The solubility mainly depends on the composition of solute and solvent (including their pH and the presence of other dissolved substances) as well as on temperature and pressure."
"The dependency can often be explained in terms of interactions between the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) of the two substances, and of thermodynamic concepts such as enthalpy and entropy."
"Under certain conditions, the concentration of the solute can exceed its usual solubility limit. The result is a supersaturated solution, which is metastable and will rapidly exclude the excess solute if a suitable nucleation site appears."
"The concept of solubility does not apply when there is an irreversible chemical reaction between the two substances."
"The solubility is also not the same as the rate of solution, which is how fast a solid solute dissolves in a liquid solvent."
"The concept and measure of solubility are extremely important in many sciences besides chemistry, such as geology, biology, physics, and oceanography, as well as in engineering, medicine, agriculture, and even in non-technical activities like painting, cleaning, cooking, and brewing."
"Water is by far the most common such solvent."
"The term 'soluble' is sometimes used for materials that can form colloidal suspensions of very fine solid particles in a liquid."
"The quantitative solubility of such substances is generally not well-defined, however."