Immunology

The study of how the immune system works, including the mechanisms by which it fights disease and protects the body.

What does immunology study?

- "Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms."

What does immunology measure and contextualize?

- "Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases."

Which disorders are associated with malfunctions of the immune system?

- "Malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection)."

What characteristics does immunology study in the components of the immune system?

- "The physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system."

In which disciplines of medicine does immunology have applications?

- "Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology."

Who coined the term "immunology"?

- "The term was coined by Russian biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov."

What did Mechnikov observe surrounding thorns in starfish larvae?

- "Unusual cells surrounding the thorns."

What phenomenon did Mechnikov first observe?

- "He first observed the phenomenon of phagocytosis, in which the body defends itself against a foreign body."

What did Ehrlich do to mice to observe immunization?

- "Ehrlich accustomed mice to the poisons ricin and abrin. After feeding them with small but increasing dosages of ricin he ascertained that they had become 'ricin-proof'."

When was the Nobel Prize awarded to Mechnikov and Ehrlich?

- "He received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1908 with Paul Ehrlich."

What is the etymological root of the term "immunity"?

- "Prior to the designation of immunity, from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for 'exempt'."

Which organs are characterized as essential components of the immune system?

- "The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus, bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver."

What is the nature of many components of the immune system?

- "However, many components of the immune system are cellular in nature."

Where are the cellular components of the immune system located?

- "Embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body."

What is the significance of the thymus, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissues in the immune system?

- "The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus, bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver."

How does immunology contribute to the field of organ transplantation?

- "Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation."

In what conditions does immunology study the physiological functioning of the immune system?

- "Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases."

Which Russian biologist was awarded the Nobel Prize for immunology?

- "The term was coined by Russian biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov."

In which medical fields is immunology applied?

- "Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology."

What did Ehrlich observe about the immunization process?

- "Ehrlich interpreted this as immunization and observed that it was abruptly initiated after a few days and was still in existence after several months."