"CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea."
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is a technique used to manipulate genes in living organisms. It is used in genetic research and gene therapy.
DNA structure and replication: Understanding the basic structure and function of DNA is essential for understanding genome editing techniques like CRISPR.
Gene expression: Learning how genes are expressed and regulated will help in understanding how CRISPR can be used to modify genes.
Homologous recombination: This genetic process can be used to introduce changes to specific genes using CRISPR.
RNA interference (RNAi): This technique is used to silence specific genes and can be used in combination with CRISPR.
Genome sequencing: Sequencing technology is used to identify changes introduced by CRISPR.
Base editing: A newer technique that allows for specific DNA base-pair changes without requiring a double-stranded break.
Off-target effects: Understanding how CRISPR can sometimes unintentionally modify other parts of the genome is important to minimize potential damage.
Delivery methods: Learning various delivery methods for CRISPR/Cas9 will help in designing experiments or clinical therapies that use this technology.
Ethics and regulation: The use of genome editing technologies is a contentious topic that requires discussion around ethical considerations and regulation.
Clinical applications: Exploring potential applications for CRISPR/Cas9 in disease treatment or other medical applications.
Cutting and Repair: This is the most basic CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing process. It involves the introduction of a double strand break in the DNA strand by the Cas9 protein, which prompts the cell to repair the damage using its own DNA repair machinery.
Gene insertion: Here, specific genes are inserted into a specific location in the DNA strand, replacing the original genes, using the Cas9 protein and guide RNA.
Gene deletion: This type of genome editing involves the removal of specific genes from a DNA strand. This can be done by cutting out the gene using the Cas9 protein and guide RNA.
Base editing: In this type of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, specific nucleotides (one of the four building blocks of DNA) can be altered without cutting the DNA strand. Base editors use a modified version of the Cas9 protein, along with guide RNA and a specific enzyme, to make the desired changes.
Epigenetic editing: Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, can also be edited using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. This can alter gene expression without changing the underlying genetic code.
Synthetic biology: CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be used to create synthetic gene circuits that can perform specific functions. For example, using CRISPR/Cas9, researchers have engineered bacteria that can sense and respond to different stimuli.
"These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote."
"They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections."
"These sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of acquired immunity."
"CRISPR is found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes."
"Nearly 90% of sequenced archaea genomes contain CRISPR."
"Cas9 (or 'CRISPR-associated protein 9') is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence."
"Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9."
"This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnological products, and treatment of diseases."
"The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020, which was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna."
"CRISPR () (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea."
"These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote."
"They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections."
"These sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of acquired immunity."
"CRISPR is found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes."
"Nearly 90% of sequenced archaea genomes contain CRISPR."
"Cas9 (or 'CRISPR-associated protein 9') is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence."
"Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9."
"This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnological products, and treatment of diseases."
"The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020, which was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna."