- "Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms." - "Heredity is vital to organisms' evolution."
Basic concepts of genetics, including genes, chromosomes, DNA structure, replication, transcription, and translation.
Basic concepts in Genetics: Understanding the genetic code, DNA replication, gene expression, and genetic variation.
Immunology basics: Introduction to the immune system and how it works.
HLA system: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and their role in immune recognition.
MHC class I and II molecules: Structure and function of MHC molecules and their interaction with T cells.
Antibody response: The process of antibody production and how it relates to antigen recognition.
Autoimmunity: Mechanisms of autoimmunity and association with HLA alleles and immunodeficiencies.
Immunodeficiencies: Different types of immunodeficiencies and their genetic basis.
Transplantation immunology: Immunological basis for transplant rejection and immune modulation.
Cytokines and their role in immune function: Introduction to cytokines and their signaling pathways.
Viral and bacterial immune evasion: How pathogens avoid detection and attack by the immune system.
Tumor immunology: Introduction to the relationship between tumors and the immune system.
Pharmacogenetics: Understanding the genetic basis for individual drug response.
Genetic counseling: Understanding how genetic information is used to inform patients and families.
Molecular genetics: The study of the molecular structure and function of genes and how they are expressed in cells.
Classical genetics: The study of inheritance patterns and genetic variation in populations.
Population genetics: The study of how genetic variation is distributed and changes over time in populations of organisms.
Developmental genetics: The study of how genes control the development of embryos and their differentiation into different cell types.
Behavioral genetics: The study of how genes and environmental factors influence behavior and personality.
Evolutionary genetics: The study of how genetic changes occur over time and how they contribute to adaptation and evolution.
Pharmacogenetics: The study of how genetic variation influences drug response and efficacy.
Genomics: The study of the structure, function, and evolution of entire genomes.
Epigenetics: The study of how changes in gene expression can be inherited through mitosis or meiosis independently of changes in DNA sequence.
Medical genetics: The study of genetic factors that contribute to diseases and disorders, and the development of genetic tests and treatments.
- "Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically." - "Mendel studied 'trait inheritance', patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time."
- "Organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete 'units of inheritance'."
- "This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene."
- "Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century."
- "Modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes." - "Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism, and within the context of a population."
- "Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including molecular genetics, epigenetics, and population genetics."
- "Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya)."
- "Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture."
- "The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism may increase or decrease gene transcription."
- "A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate." - "The one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment."
- "Heredity is vital to organisms' evolution."
- "Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century."
- "Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism, and within the context of a population."
- "Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including population genetics."
- "Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture."
- "The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism may increase or decrease gene transcription."
- "A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate." - "The one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment."
- "Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including molecular genetics, epigenetics, and population genetics."
- "Organisms studied within the broad field span the domains of life (archaea, bacteria, and eukarya)."