"The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906..."
The process by which one species evolves into another.
Natural Selection: The process by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over time due to differences in reproductive success.
Genetic Drift: The random fluctuations in gene frequency that occur in small populations, leading to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time.
Gene Flow: The movement of genes between populations due to migration, which can either increase or decrease genetic diversity.
Mutation: The ultimate source of genetic variation in populations, which can lead to the formation of new alleles and ultimately new species.
Reproductive Isolation: The lack of gene flow between populations due to barriers to interbreeding, which can lead to the formation of new species.
Hybridization: The interbreeding of two different species producing offspring that are infertile or sterile, which can result in the formation of a hybrid species.
Divergence: The process of two or more populations becoming more dissimilar over time, leading to the formation of new species.
Speciation Mechanisms: The various ways in which new species can arise, including allopatric, sympatric, and parapatric speciation.
Phylogenetics: The study of the evolutionary relationships among species and their ancestral relationships.
Biogeography: The study of the distribution of organisms across geographic regions and how this can inform our understanding of their evolutionary history.
Fossil Record: The study of the history of life on Earth through the analysis of fossils and other ancient remains, which can provide valuable insights into the evolution of species over time.
Molecular Evolution: The study of how DNA sequences and other molecular data can inform our understanding of the evolutionary relationships among species.
Macroevolution: The study of large-scale patterns in the evolution of life, including the origin and diversification of major groups of organisms over geological time.
Microevolution: The study of small-scale changes in gene frequency within populations over time, which can inform our understanding of the mechanisms driving speciation.
Allopatric Speciation: It occurs when a geographic barrier separates a population, leading to genetic divergence and eventually reproductive isolation.
Sympatric Speciation: It occurs when a subset of a population diverges genetically, without any physical barrier, and forms a new species.
Peripatric Speciation: It is a type of allopatric speciation, where a small population migrates and establishes itself in a new geographic region, leading to genetic divergence and speciation.
Parapatric Speciation: It occurs when two populations are adjacent to each other and share a common border area, but are still separate enough to maintain their unique genetic traits.
Hybrid Speciation: It occurs when two different species interbreed and produce hybrid offspring that are fertile and capable of breeding among themselves.
Polyploid Speciation: It occurs when a mutation in the chromosomes of a single organism leads to a duplication of its genetic material. This usually results in the development of a new species capable of interbreeding only with other polyploid individuals.
Adaptive Radiation: It is a rapid diversification of a single ancestral species into multiple new species, each adapted to occupy different ecological niches.
Anagenesis: It is a gradual change in a species over time as a result of mutations and natural selection, leading to the formation of a new species without any branching or splitting.
Cladogenesis: It is the splitting of an ancestral species into two or more new species, typically as a result of a geographic barrier or other form of selective pressure.
"...cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages."
"Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation..."
"He also identified sexual selection as a likely mechanism..."
"There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature..." - Allopatric - Peripatric - Parapatric - Sympatric
"Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments."
"Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject of much ongoing discussion."
"Rapid sympatric speciation can take place through polyploidy, such as by doubling of chromosome number..."
"The result is progeny which are immediately reproductively isolated from the parent population."
"New species can also be created through hybridization..."
"...followed by reproductive isolation..."
"Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments."
"...but found it problematic."
"Charles Darwin... in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species."
"Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species."
"...the result is progeny which are immediately reproductively isolated from the parent population."
"Rapid sympatric speciation can take place through polyploidy..."
"There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature..."
"Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments."
"Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject of much ongoing discussion."