"Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology."
The study of how the frequency of genes changes within a population over time.
Mendelian genetics: The basic principles of inheritance and the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Allele frequency: How often a specific allele occurs in a population.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: The mathematical model used to predict allele and genotype frequencies in a population.
Genetic drift: The random fluctuations in allele frequencies in small populations.
Gene flow: The movement of alleles between populations through migration and reproduction.
Mutation: A change in DNA sequence that creates a new allele.
Natural selection: The process by which certain traits become more common in a population over time.
Fitness: The reproductive success of an individual and its contribution to the gene pool.
Adaptation: A trait that increases an individual's fitness in a specific environment.
Coevolution: The reciprocal evolutionary change between two or more species that interact closely.
Genetic variation: The differences in DNA sequence among individuals of the same species.
Inbreeding: The mating of closely related individuals, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity.
Outbreeding: The mating of unrelated individuals to increase genetic diversity.
Demography: The study of the size, structure, and distribution of populations.
Phylogenetics: The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms based on genetic, morphological, and/or behavioral traits.
Genealogy: The study of family history and ancestry using genetic markers.
Ecological genetics: The study of the genetic basis of adaptation to different environments.
Evolutionary developmental biology: The study of how genetic and developmental processes contribute to organismal diversity and evolution.
Macroevolution: The study of evolution on a large scale, such as the origin of new species and higher taxonomic groups.
Microevolution: The study of evolutionary change within populations and species over short periods of time.
Classical population genetics: Focuses on the mathematical theory of how genetic variation changes within populations over time due to evolutionary forces such as mutation, selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
Molecular population genetics: Examines the genetic variation within and between populations at the molecular level, and uses DNA sequencing data to infer the evolutionary history of populations.
Quantitative genetics: Studies the inheritance of complex traits such as height, weight, intelligence, and personality, and examines how genetic and environmental factors contribute to variation in these traits within and between populations.
Phylogenetics: Reconstructs the evolutionary relationships among species, using molecular and morphological data to trace the history of speciation events over time.
Genomics: Studies the structure, function, and evolution of entire genomes, and examines how genetic variation contributes to phenotypic variation within and between species.
Ecological genetics: Examines how genetic variation influences the ecology and life history of organisms, and how these traits affect the fitness of populations in different environments.
Behavioral genetics: Studies the genetic basis of behavior in animals and humans, and examines how genes interact with environmental factors to shape behavior and personality.
Evolutionary developmental genetics: Focuses on how gene regulation and developmental processes contribute to phenotypic variation within and between populations, and how this variation can drive the evolution of novel traits.
Comparative genomics: Compares the genomes of different species to identify similarities and differences in genetic structure, function, and evolution, and to identify genes that have evolved in particular lineages.
Evolutionary systems biology: Integrates evolutionary theory, genomics, and systems biology to study complex biological networks and their evolution, and to identify the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to phenotypic variation and adaptation.
"Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and population structure."
"Its primary founders were Sewall Wright, J. B. S. Haldane and Ronald Fisher."
"Population genetics was a vital ingredient in the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis."
"The primary founders of population genetics... also laid the foundations for the related discipline of quantitative genetics."
"Modern population genetics encompasses theoretical, laboratory, and field work."
"Population genetic models are used both for statistical inference from DNA sequence data."
"Population genetic models are used... for proof/disproof of concept."
"What sets population genetics apart from newer, more phenotypic approaches to modelling evolution... is its emphasis on such genetic phenomena..."
"...phenomena as dominance, epistasis, the degree to which genetic recombination breaks linkage disequilibrium, and the random phenomena of mutation and genetic drift."
"This makes it appropriate for comparison to population genomics data." Please note that I have provided the quotes directly related to the questions, but there may be additional information in the paragraph worth exploring.