"Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics."
Understanding the basic principles of plant genetics and the application of biotechnology in plant breeding, genetic modification, and agriculture.
Plant Physiology: The study of the functions and processes of plants at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels.
Mendelian Genetics: The laws of inheritance, including the concepts of alleles, dominant and recessive traits, and genetic crosses.
Molecular Genetics: The study of the structure and function of genes and their expression.
Recombinant DNA Technology: The use of laboratory methods to insert, delete, or modify genes within an organism.
Genomics: The study of the entire DNA sequence of an organism or species, including the identification of genes and their functions.
Proteomics: The study of the proteins produced by an organism or species, including their structure and function.
Metabolomics: The study of the small molecules produced by an organism or species, including their roles in metabolism and signaling.
Transcriptomics: The study of the RNA molecules produced by an organism or species, including their expression patterns and functions.
Gene Expression Analysis: The measurement of gene expression levels, which can provide insights into cellular processes and the effects of genetic and environmental factors.
Plant Breeding: The application of genetic principles and methods to improve the traits of plants for agricultural, horticultural, or other purposes.
Plant Transformation: The genetic modification of plants using recombinant DNA technology to introduce desired traits or genes.
Plant Genome Editing: The use of engineered endonucleases to introduce precise modifications into the genome of a plant.
Plant Pathology: The study of plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens, and the development of strategies to prevent or treat them.
Plant Biotechnology Applications: The use of plant biotechnology to develop new products, technologies, or processes for medicine, food, and other industries.
Agricultural Biotechnology: The use of biotechnology to improve crop productivity, reduce environmental impact, and enhance food security.
Plant Tissue Culture: Plant tissue culture involves the propagation and cultivation of plant cells or tissues in a controlled environment in order to produce new plants with desired traits.
Genetic Engineering of Plants: Genetic engineering of plants involves modifying the genetic makeup of plants to enhance desirable traits or introduce new characteristics through various techniques and tools.
Plant Genomics: Plant genomics is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of a plant's entire genetic material to understand its structure, function, and evolution.
Transgenic Plants: Transgenic plants refer to genetically modified organisms produced by inserting genes from other species, allowing for the expression of desired traits or improved characteristics.
Plant Proteomics: Plant Proteomics is the study of all the proteins present in plants, their structures, functions, interactions, and modifications, aiming to understand plant biological processes at a molecular level.
Plant Metabolomics: Plant metabolomics is the comprehensive study of all small molecules involved in the metabolism of plants, enabling a deeper understanding of their genetic, physiological, and developmental processes.
Plant Hormones and Signaling: Plant hormones and signaling involve the communication and regulation processes within plants, mediated by chemical substances called hormones, to control their growth, development, and response to environmental cues.
Plant Pathology: Plant Pathology is the study of diseases in plants, including their causes, mechanisms, control, and impact on plant health and agriculture.
Plant Biophysics: Plant biophysics is the study of physical principles underlying the behavior and processes in plants, including their response to environmental stimuli and physical forces.
Plant Epigenetics: Plant epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression and phenotype that do not involve alterations in the underlying DNA sequence but are instead mediated by modifications to the epigenome.
Plant Metabolic Engineering: Plant metabolic engineering involves modifying the metabolic pathways of plants to enhance their production of desired compounds for various purposes, such as improving nutritional value or developing pharmaceuticals.
Plant Molecular Genetics: Plant Molecular Genetics is the study of gene structure and function in plants, using techniques such as DNA sequencing and genetic engineering to understand plant traits and improve crop breeding.
Plant Physiology: Plant physiology is the study of how plants function, including their growth, development, and responses to environmental factors.
Plant Ecology: Plant ecology is the study of the interactions between plants and their environment, including the relationships between plants and other organisms, as well as the influence of abiotic factors on plant distribution and abundance.
Plant Molecular Biology: Plant Molecular Biology is the study of the molecular mechanisms and processes that occur in plants, focusing on DNA, RNA, proteins, and their interactions, to understand plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli.
Plant Cell Biology: Plant Cell Biology is the study of the structure, function, and processes of cells in plants, aimed at understanding their fundamental mechanisms and how they contribute to plant growth, development, and adaptation.
Plant Evolutionary Genetics: Plant evolutionary genetics focuses on understanding the genetic changes and processes that drive the evolution of plant species over time.
Plant Adaptation and Development: Plant Adaptation and Development refers to the ability of plants to adjust to their environment through natural selection and genetic modifications, leading to changes in their physiological, morphological, and developmental traits.
Plant Secondary Metabolites: Plant secondary metabolites refer to a diverse group of compounds that plants produce, serving various functions such as defense against herbivores, protection from pathogens, and attraction of pollinators.
Plant Bioinformatics: Plant bioinformatics involves the application of computational methods and tools to analyze and interpret biological data specific to plants, such as genomic sequences, gene expression patterns, and protein structures, to gain insights into plant biology and improve plant breeding and biotechnology.
"The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of applications."
"The most frequently addressed agricultural traits are those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers) and ease of processing."
"Plant breeding can be performed through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques."
"Genes in a plant are what determine what type of qualitative or quantitative traits it will have."
"It is practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers, and by professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations, or research centers."
"International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for ensuring food security by developing new varieties that are higher yielding, disease resistant, drought tolerant or regionally adapted to different environments and growing conditions."
"Without plant breeding, Europe would have produced 20% fewer arable crops over the last 20 years, consuming an additional 21.6 million hectares (53 million acres) of land and emitting 4 billion tonnes (3.9×109 long tons; 4.4×109 short tons) of carbon."
"Wheat species created for Morocco are currently being crossed with plants to create new varieties for northern France."
"Soy beans, which were previously grown predominantly in the south of France, are now grown in southern Germany."
"It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals."
"Plant breeders strive to create a specific outcome of plants and potentially new plant varieties."
"Methods [of plant breeding] make use of knowledge of genetics and chromosomes."
"End-use quality characteristics such as taste or the concentrations of specific biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers)."
"Those related to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, grain or biomass yield, and ease of processing."
"Individuals such as gardeners and farmers, and professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry associations or research centers."
"Breeding new crops is important for ensuring food security by developing new varieties that are higher yielding, disease resistant, drought tolerant, or regionally adapted to different environments and growing conditions."
"Without plant breeding, Europe would have consumed an additional 21.6 million hectares (53 million acres) of land and emitted 4 billion tonnes (3.9×109 long tons; 4.4×109 short tons) of carbon."
"Wheat species created for Morocco are currently being crossed with plants to create new varieties for northern France."
"Soy beans, which were previously grown predominantly in the south of France, are now grown in southern Germany."