"Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy."
Study of the conversion of energy within cells, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Bioenergetics: This topic deals with the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems.
Enzyme Kinetics: This topic explores the properties and behavior of enzymes in catalyzing metabolic reactions.
Glycolysis: This is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the process.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): This is a series of metabolic reactions that produce ATP, NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), and FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide), and carbon dioxide from the breakdown of glucose and other nutrients.
Electron Transport Chain: This is a collection of proteins and enzymes that generate ATP through the transfer of electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors.
Oxidative Phosphorylation: This is the process by which ATP is generated from the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen.
Gluconeogenesis: This is a metabolic process that produces glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, such as amino acids and glycerol.
Lipid Metabolism: This includes the processes of lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipogenesis, which are involved in the utilization and synthesis of lipids.
Protein Metabolism: This involves the processes of protein synthesis, degradation, and amino acid metabolism.
Regulation of Energy Metabolism: This topic deals with the mechanisms that regulate the balance between energy intake and energy utilization in the body, such as hormones, enzymes, and signaling pathways.
Metabolic Disorders: This includes diseases and conditions caused by dysfunction or abnormalities in energy metabolism, such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.
Nutrient Physiology: This topic encompasses the role of macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and other dietary factors in energy metabolism and body composition.
Exercise Physiology: This includes the effects of physical activity on energy metabolism and the regulation of energy expenditure in response to exercise.
Mitochondrial function: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell majorly producing ATP, hence an understanding of their function and metabolism is essential to comprehend energy metabolism.
Metabolic Imbalances: Metabolic disorders can be caused due to an imbalance in biochemical reactions leading to severe health consequences, hence how they affect energy metabolism and how it could be treated is essential to study.
Glycolysis: It is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate to extract energy. This process occurs in the cytosol of cells.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): It is the metabolic pathway that oxidizes acetyl CoA to extract energy through oxidation-reduction reactions. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
Oxidative Phosphorylation: It is the metabolic pathway that involves the electron transport chain and ATP synthase to produce ATP from energy derived from the citric acid cycle. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells.
Gluconeogenesis: It is the metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol. This process occurs in the liver and kidneys.
Lipolysis: It is the metabolic pathway that breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol to extract energy. This process occurs in adipose tissue.
Lipogenesis: It is the metabolic pathway that synthesizes fatty acids and triglycerides from acetyl CoA to store energy in adipose tissue.
Protein metabolism: It includes the processes of protein synthesis and breakdown to extract energy from amino acids. This process occurs in cells throughout the body.
Fermentation: It is the metabolic pathway that converts pyruvate into ethanol or lactic acid to extract energy in the absence of oxygen. This process occurs in bacteria, yeast, and some cells of animals and plants.
"Cellular respiration may be described as a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products."
"The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions, which break large molecules into smaller ones, producing large amounts of energy (ATP)."
"Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity."
"Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction, it is an unusual one because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions."
"Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar, amino acids and fatty acids."
"The most common oxidizing agent is molecular oxygen (O2)."
"The chemical energy stored in ATP (the bond of its third phosphate group to the rest of the molecule can be broken allowing more stable products to form, thereby releasing energy for use by the cell) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes."
"The inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, is necessary for oxidizing the biological fuels and driving the production of ATP."
"The metabolic reactions and processes of respiration convert chemical energy into ATP and release waste products."
"The chemical energy stored in ATP can be used to drive processes requiring energy, including biosynthesis, locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes."
"Cellular respiration is an unusual combustion reaction because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions."
"The end products of respiration include ATP, energy, and waste products."
"The overall reaction of cellular respiration occurs in a series of biochemical steps, some of which are redox reactions."
"Catabolic reactions involved in respiration break large molecules into smaller ones, producing large amounts of energy (ATP)."
"Molecular oxygen (O2) serves as the most common oxidizing agent in cellular respiration."
"Sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids are examples of nutrients commonly used as biological fuels in respiration."
"To convert chemical energy from nutrients into ATP, which contains energy, and release waste products."
"Cellular respiration releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity."
"The energy stored in ATP can be used to fuel processes such as biosynthesis, locomotion, or transportation of molecules across cell membranes."