"Carbohydrate metabolism is the whole of the biochemical processes responsible for the metabolic formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms."
Study of the metabolic pathways involved in the breakdown and synthesis of carbohydrates, including the regulation of blood glucose levels.
Chemical Structure of Carbohydrates: This topic deals with the chemical composition and structure of carbohydrates which includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Glycolysis: Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate with the production of ATP and NADH. It is an important metabolic pathway in all living organisms.
Krebs Cycle: The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is the primary metabolic pathway for the oxidation of acetyl-CoA in aerobic organisms.
Oxidative Phosphorylation: Oxidative phosphorylation is the process that synthesizes ATP through the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Gluconeogenesis: Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors such as amino acids, fatty acids, or lactate.
Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogen metabolism involves the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen which is the storage form of glucose in animals.
Insulin and Glucagon Signaling: Insulin and glucagon are hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose while glucagon promotes the production of glucose.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway: The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative metabolic pathway that produces NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis.
Fructose Metabolism: Fructose is a simple sugar found in fruit and honey. Metabolism of fructose involves its conversion to glucose and other metabolites.
Phenylketonuria and Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders: Phenylketonuria and other carbohydrate metabolism disorders are genetic disorders that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates and cause various health problems.
Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism: The metabolism of carbohydrates is regulated by a complex network of enzymes, hormones, and signaling pathways.
Metabolic Pathways Interactions: The metabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism interact with other metabolic pathways such as lipid and protein metabolism.
Diseases associated with Carbohydrate Metabolism: Various diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, and glycogen storage disease are associated with carbohydrate metabolism.
Role of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Health and Disease: Carbohydrate metabolism plays an essential role in maintaining metabolism, energy homeostasis, and overall health. It is also implicated in various diseases.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Inborn errors of metabolism involve genetic defects in enzymes that impair metabolic pathways. These can affect carbohydrate metabolism and cause health problems.
Glycolysis: This is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. It occurs in the cytosol of cells and is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Glycogenolysis: This is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. It occurs in the liver and muscles and is used to maintain blood glucose levels during exercise or fasting.
Gluconeogenesis: This is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or fatty acids. It occurs primarily in the liver and kidney and is an essential process for maintaining blood glucose levels during fasting.
Glycogenesis: This is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose. It occurs in the liver and muscles and is used to store glucose for future energy needs.
Pentose Phosphate Pathway: This is the alternative pathway for glucose metabolism in which glucose-6-phosphate is converted into pentose sugars and the production of NADPH is increased.
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle: It's a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules, including glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
Glucose oxidation: It's the process of obtaining energy or ATP from glucose via pyruvate and oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in the mitochondria.
Cori cycle: It's the process of the conversion of lactate to glucose in the liver, then returning the glucose to muscle tissues.
"Plants synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis, allowing them to store energy absorbed from sunlight internally."
"When animals and fungi consume plants, they use cellular respiration to break down these stored carbohydrates to make energy available to cells."
"Both animals and plants temporarily store the released energy in the form of high-energy molecules, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), for use in various cellular processes."
"Humans can consume a variety of carbohydrates, digestion breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple monomers (monosaccharides): glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose."
"After resorption in the gut, the monosaccharides are transported, through the portal vein, to the liver, where all non-glucose monosaccharides (fructose, galactose) are transformed into glucose as well."
"Glucose (blood sugar) is distributed to cells in the tissues, where it is broken down via cellular respiration, or stored as glycogen."
"In cellular (aerobic) respiration, glucose and oxygen are metabolized to release energy, with carbon dioxide and water as end products."
"Plants synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis, allowing them to store energy absorbed from sunlight internally."
"When animals and fungi consume plants, they use cellular respiration to break down these stored carbohydrates to make energy available to cells."
"Both animals and plants temporarily store the released energy in the form of high-energy molecules, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), for use in various cellular processes."
"Digestion breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple monomers (monosaccharides): glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose."
"After resorption in the gut, the monosaccharides are transported, through the portal vein, to the liver, where all non-glucose monosaccharides (fructose, galactose) are transformed into glucose as well."
"Glucose (blood sugar) is distributed to cells in the tissues, where it is broken down via cellular respiration, or stored as glycogen."
"In cellular (aerobic) respiration, glucose and oxygen are metabolized to release energy, with carbon dioxide and water as end products."
"Plants synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis, allowing them to store energy absorbed from sunlight internally."
"When animals and fungi consume plants, they use cellular respiration to break down these stored carbohydrates to make energy available to cells."
"Both animals and plants temporarily store the released energy in the form of high-energy molecules, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), for use in various cellular processes."
"Humans can consume a variety of carbohydrates, digestion breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple monomers (monosaccharides): glucose, fructose, mannose, and galactose."
"After resorption in the gut, the monosaccharides are transported, through the portal vein, to the liver, where all non-glucose monosaccharides (fructose, galactose) are transformed into glucose as well."