"Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia."
Reproduction management involves various strategies and techniques to optimize and control the reproductive processes of plants and animals, ensuring successful breeding and progeny production.
Physiology of Reproduction: Covers the basic anatomy and physiology of reproductive organs in animals, the hormonal control of reproduction, and the process of oogenesis, spermatogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic development.
Genetics and Selection: Explains the principles of genetic improvement and selection, including quantitative genetics, breeding values, heritability, and genetic markers, and how these can be applied in livestock breeding programs.
Estrus Detection and Management: Discusses the methods used for detecting estrus in female animals, such as visual observation, electronic monitoring, and hormone assays, and how to optimize reproductive performance through proper management of estrus cycles.
Artificial Insemination: Explains the technique of artificial insemination (AI), including the selection and handling of semen, insemination procedures, and the use of synchronization protocols to improve breeding efficiency.
Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management: Covers the various methods for pregnancy diagnosis in animals, including rectal palpation, ultrasound, and blood tests, and how to manage pregnancy and parturition to ensure optimal health and productivity.
Reproductive Disorders and Diseases: Discusses the common reproductive disorders and diseases affecting livestock, such as infertility, mastitis, metritis, and abortion, and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Nutrition and Reproduction: Explains how nutrition affects reproductive performance in animals, including the role of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals in fertility, conception, and fetal development, and how to optimize feeding strategies for reproductive success.
Reproductive Technologies: Covers the advanced reproductive technologies used in animal breeding, such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and cloning, and their applications in improving the genetic quality and productivity of livestock.
Reproductive Management Software: Introduces the software programs used for managing reproductive data, such as breeding records, pregnancy status, and calving schedules, and how to use these tools to improve reproductive efficiency and profitability.
Regulatory and Ethical Issues: Discusses the regulatory and ethical issues related to reproductive management in animal agriculture, such as animal welfare, genetic engineering, and environmental impact, and how to ensure compliance with relevant laws and regulations.
Natural breeding: In this method, livestock is allowed to mate freely based on their natural instinct.
Artificial insemination (AI): In this method, semen from a chosen bull is collected and artificially introduced into the female reproductive system.
Embryo transfer: In this method, embryos are collected from genetically superior animals and implanted into another female animal for carrying the pregnancy to term.
In vitro fertilization (IVF): In this method, eggs are collected from a female animal and fertilized in a laboratory, after which the embryos are implanted into another female animal.
Hormonal synchronization: In this method, hormones are used to synchronize the estrus cycle in female animals to increase the chances of successful breeding.
Pregnancy testing: This involves using methods such as ultrasound or palpation to determine whether a female animal is pregnant.
Culling: This involves removing animals from the herd or flock based on specific criteria such as low productivity or health issues.
Nutrition management: This involves ensuring that animals receive the right type and amount of feed to maintain their health and reproductive capacity.
Health management: This involves monitoring and treating animals for diseases or infections that could affect their reproductive capacity.
Environmental management: This involves providing optimum environmental conditions such as temperature, lighting, and ventilation to ensure reproductive success.
Record keeping: This involves maintaining detailed records of breeding, pregnancy and birth data, and other information related to reproductive management.
Genetic selection: This involves choosing animals with desirable genetic traits to improve the overall quality of the herd or flock.
"As of 2022, 2.16 million living animal species have been described."
"Of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates."
"Animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development."
"The scientific study of animals is known as zoology."
"Most living animal species are in Bilateria, a clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric body plan."
"[They] contain animals such as nematodes, arthropods, flatworms, annelids and molluscs."
"[They] contain the echinoderms and the chordates, the latter including the vertebrates."
"The Cambrian explosion began around 539 million years ago."
"Life forms interpreted as early animals were present in the Ediacaran biota of the late Precambrian."
"6,331 groups of genes common to all living animals have been identified."
"Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with his Systema Naturae."
"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck expanded [the animal kingdom] into 14 phyla by 1809."
"Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa (now synonymous with Animalia) and the Protozoa."
"The biological classification of animals relies on advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics."
"Humans make use of many animal species, such as for food, for materials, as pets, and as working animals."
"Dogs have been used in hunting, as have birds of prey."
"Nonhuman animals have appeared in art since the earliest times and are featured in mythology and religion."
"It has been estimated there are around 7.77 million animal species."
"Advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, are effective at demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between taxa."