"A commercial policy (also referred to as a trade policy or international trade policy) is a government's policy governing international trade."
Policies aimed at promoting trade and investment flows in the economy, including export promotion, foreign direct investment attraction, and trade agreements.
Trade Theory: This topic covers the various theories on international trade, including the comparative advantage theory, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, and the new trade theory.
Tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers: This topic covers the various types of tariffs, such as ad valorem, specific, and compound tariffs, and non-tariff barriers to trade, including quotas, subsidies, and technical barriers.
Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements: This topic covers the various regional and bilateral trade agreements, including the NAFTA, the TPP, and the EU.
WTO and GATT: This topic covers the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), their roles in promoting international trade, and the various agreements under them.
Intellectual Property Rights: This topic covers the various intellectual property rights, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, and their impact on trade and investment.
Investment Policy: This topic covers the various policies related to foreign investment, including the rules on market access, restrictions on capital flows, and investment promotion.
Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): This topic covers the WTO's TRIPS agreement and its implications for intellectual property rights and international trade.
Dispute Settlement: This topic covers the various dispute settlement mechanisms in international trade, including WTO dispute settlement, investment dispute settlement, and regional mechanisms.
Industrial Policy: This topic covers the various policies aimed at promoting industrial development, including industrial strategy, technology policy, and infrastructure development.
Market Access and Market Entry: This topic covers the various policies and regulations that influence market access and entry, including standards, regulations, and licensing requirements.
Tariffs: A tariff is a tax imposed on imported goods, making them more expensive and less competitive in the domestic market.
Quotas: A quota places a limit on the amount of a particular product that can be imported. Once the quota is reached, no more of that product can be imported.
Embargoes: An embargo is a complete ban on trade with a particular country. This type of policy is often used as a political tool to send a message or to enforce sanctions.
Export subsidies: An export subsidy is a specific type of government support that provides financial assistance to companies exporting goods in order to make them more competitive in international markets.
Import Substitution: Import substitution is a strategy that involves promoting domestic industries by limiting imports of certain products in order to stimulate the development of new domestic industries that can produce these products.
Voluntary Export Restraints: Voluntary Export Restraints are agreements voluntarily signed between countries to limit the amount of certain goods that they can export to one another.
Dumping: Dumping is a practice where companies sell goods in foreign markets at prices lower than their domestic market prices. To protect domestic producers, countries can impose anti-dumping duties which make amends the price difference.
Political Risk Insurance: Political risk insurance provides coverage to investors against the risk of losses due to political instability, policy changes, or other events that create a loss of investment.
Foreign Direct Investment Incentives: Foreign direct investment (FDI) incentives are offered by governments to attract foreign investment in their country. They range from tax breaks, subsidies, government grants, subsidized loans, and more.
Bilateral Investment Treaties: Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) are agreements between two countries that provide legal protection for investors from one country to invest in the other country. These agreements typically include provisions related to investment protection, dispute resolution mechanisms, and more.
Free Trade Agreements: Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are agreements between countries that reduce or eliminate trade barriers between them. FTAs can cover tariffs, non-tariff barriers, investment, and more.
"Commercial policy is an all encompassing term that is used to cover topics which involve international trade."
"Trade policy is often described in terms of a scale between the extremes of free trade (no restrictions on trade) on one side and protectionism (high restrictions to protect local producers) on the other."
"A common commercial policy can sometimes be agreed by treaty within a customs union, as with the European Union's common commercial policy and in Mercosur."
"There are several factors that can affect a nation's commercial policy, all of which can affect international trade policies."
"A commercial policy (also referred to as a trade policy or international trade policy)..."
"A nation's commercial policy will include and take into account the policies adopted by that nation's government while negotiating international trade."
"Free trade (no restrictions on trade)..."
"Protectionism (high restrictions to protect local producers)..."
"A common commercial policy can sometimes be agreed by treaty within a customs union, as with the European Union's common commercial policy and in Mercosur."
"A commercial policy (also referred to as a trade policy or international trade policy) is a government's policy governing international trade."
"Commercial policy is an all encompassing term that is used to cover topics which involve international trade."
"Trade policy is often described in terms of a scale between the extremes of free trade... on one side and protectionism... on the other."
"A common commercial policy can sometimes be agreed by treaty within a customs union..."
"A nation's commercial policy will include and take into account the policies adopted by that nation's government while negotiating international trade."
"Trade policy is often described in terms of a scale between the extremes of free trade... and protectionism..."
"There are several factors that can affect a nation's commercial policy..."
"A commercial policy (also referred to as a trade policy or international trade policy)..."
"A nation's commercial policy will include and take into account the policies adopted by that nation's government while negotiating international trade."
"Commercial policy is an all encompassing term that is used to cover topics which involve international trade."