"Border control comprises measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders. While border control is typically associated with international borders, it also encompasses controls imposed on internal borders within a single state."
This subfield deals with issues surrounding the management, monitoring, and control of borders, including policies for visa issuance, travel documents, and border security.
Immigration law: Understanding the legal basis of immigration policy and how it impacts border control.
Border control policies: Studying the various approaches to border control and understanding their effectiveness and potential side effects.
Border management technologies: Exploring the various tools and techniques used in managing border security, including biometrics, surveillance systems, and other advanced technologies.
Refugee and asylum policy: Gaining insight into the legal framework for admitting refugees and asylum seekers, as well as the practices and policies associated with their admittance.
Immigration demographics and trends: Analyzing the latest statistics on immigration trends and demographics, including the size and makeup of immigrant populations in different countries.
Humanitarian concerns: Understanding the humanitarian issues that arise in border control and management, including the treatment of migrants and refugees, and the provision of assistance and support.
Border security and terrorism: Exploring the link between border security and terrorism, and how governments can balance security concerns while respecting individual liberties.
Labor migration: Studying the legal and ethical implications of labor migration, including the impact on employment rates and social welfare systems.
Cross-border cooperation: Examining the role of international organizations and cooperation between countries in border control and management.
Economic impacts of immigration: Investigating the economic implications of immigration, including its influence on employment rates, wages, and economic growth.
Visa Requirement: A visa is a travel permit issued by a country's government that allows a foreign national to enter and stay for a specific period. Visa requirements specify the types of visas that are available and the conditions under which they're granted.
Passport Controls: Passport control systems verify the validity and ownership of passports, visas, and other travel documents. They also allow for the collection and maintenance of passenger data.
Biometric Controls: Biometric controls use various biometric identifiers, such as fingerprints, facial recognition, or iris scans, to verify the identity of a traveler.
Physical Barriers: Physical barriers, such as fences, walls or trenches, prevent unauthorized entry into a country or territory.
Immigration Quotas: Immigration quotas regulate the number of immigrants allowed to enter a country annually or within a certain period.
Border Checks: Border checks are used at land and sea borders to monitor the movement of individuals across a border.
Travel Bans: Travel bans are restrictions placed on foreign nationals attempting to enter a country due to political, economic, or security reasons.
Legal Entry Points: Legal Entry Points are specifically designated ports of entry or border crossings where travelers must go through immigration and security checks.
Deportation Policy: Deportation policy sets out provisions for the lawful removal of foreign nationals from a country in accordance with immigration laws.
Asylum Procedures: Asylum procedures provide guidance on how foreign nationals fleeing persecution or seeking protection from harm can legally enter and reside in a host country.
"Border control measures serve a variety of purposes, ranging from enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations to restricting migration."
"While some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded, others (including the vast majority of borders between countries as well as some internal borders) are subject to some degree of control and may be crossed legally only at designated checkpoints."
"Border controls in the 21st century are tightly intertwined with intricate systems of travel documents, visas, and increasingly complex policies that vary between countries."
"Enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations"
"Restricting migration."
"While border control is typically associated with international borders, it also encompasses controls imposed on internal borders within a single state."
"...borders are subject to some degree of control and may be crossed legally only at designated checkpoints."
"...controls imposed on internal borders within a single state."
"Border controls in the 21st century are tightly intertwined with intricate systems of travel documents, visas..."
"Border control comprises measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders."
"increasingly complex policies that vary between countries."
"enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations"
"While some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded..."
"...border controls in the 21st century are tightly intertwined with intricate systems of travel documents, visas, and increasingly complex policies..."
"Border control measures serve a variety of purposes, ranging from enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations to restricting migration."
"...borders are subject to some degree of control and may be crossed legally only at designated checkpoints."
"...including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded..."
"Some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded."
"Border control measures serve a variety of purposes, ranging from enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations to restricting migration."