- "Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
Public policy is the process by which government decisions are made and implemented to address societal issues.
Policy analysis: The process of identifying, evaluating and selecting policy options to best address a societal problem.
Political science: The study of political institutions, behavior, and processes, including voting behavior, election campaigns, and political parties.
Public administration: The management of public agencies and the implementation of public policies.
Urban planning: The planning and design of urban areas, including land use, transportation, and housing development.
Economics: The study of the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services, often used to analyze the impact of public policy on the economy.
Sociology: The study of human social relationships, including the study of social problems, inequalities, and social change.
Law and legal analysis: The study of the law and its relationship to society, including the interpretation, application, and enforcement of laws.
Environmental science: The study of the natural environment and the relationships between humans and the environment, including environmental policy-making.
Public health: The study of public health and healthcare systems, including healthcare policy-making.
Ethics: The philosophical study of moral principles, including the ethical implications of public policy decisions.
Statistics: The use of statistical analysis and modeling to evaluate policy outcomes and guide decision-making.
Communication: The study of effective communication, including the use of media and public relations to influence public policy decisions.
Comparative politics: The study of political systems across different countries and regions.
International relations: The study of political and economic relations between nations, including the implications of international events for domestic policy-making.
Human rights: The study of individual and group rights, including the impact of policy decisions on human rights.
Economic Development Policy: This type of public policy focuses on strategies to strengthen and grow the local economy of urban areas by promoting business development, job creation, and entrepreneurship.
Housing Policy: Housing policy involves the creation of programs and regulations to meet the housing needs of urban residents, including affordable housing, residential land use policies, and urban renewal programs.
Transportation Policy: Transportation policy encompasses the creation of public transport and related infrastructure to improve mobility within an urban area, including automobile infrastructure, bicycle lanes, and public transit systems.
Environmental Policy: Environmental policy focuses on the promotion of sustainable development, conservation of natural resources, and reduction of environmental degradation in urban areas, including land use planning, water and air quality management, and sustainable energy initiatives.
Public Safety Policy: Public safety policy involves the creation of programs and strategies to ensure the safety and security of urban residents, including law enforcement, emergency management, and crime prevention initiatives.
Education Policy: Education policy involves the creation of programs and regulations to ensure access to high-quality education for urban residents, including policies related to school funding, teacher recruitment and retention, and student achievement.
Social Services Policy: Social services policy focuses on the provision of support services to vulnerable populations in urban areas, including homeless individuals, low-income families, and senior citizens, including policies related to welfare, food assistance, and child care.
Land Use Policy: Land use policy involves the creation of regulations and guidelines to manage the allocation of land resources in urban areas, including zoning, urban growth boundaries, and development codes.
Cultural Policy: Cultural policy focuses on promoting the arts and cultural heritage of urban areas, including support for cultural institutions, festivals, and events.
Health Policy: Health policy involves the creation of programs and regulations to promote public health and disease prevention in urban areas, including policies related to health care access and delivery, disease surveillance, and environmental health.
- "They are created and/or enacted on behalf of the public typically by a government."
- "Sometimes they are made by nonprofit organizations or are made in co-production with communities or citizens."
- "They can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders or scientific data, or sometimes use some of their results."
- "There are many actors: elected politicians, political party leaders, pressure groups, civil servants, publicly employed professionals, judges, non-governmental organizations, international agencies, academic experts, journalists, and even sometimes citizens."
- "A popular way of understanding and engaging in public policy is through a series of stages known as 'the policy cycle.'"
- "A basic sequence is agenda setting, policy formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation."
- "Officials considered as policymakers bear responsibility to reflect the interests of a host of different stakeholders."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "Academics and other experts in policy studies have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "The implementation of public policy is known as public administration."
- "Public policy can be considered to be the sum of a government's direct and indirect activities and has been conceptualized in a variety of ways."
- "They are typically made by policymakers affiliated with currently elected politicians."
- "They are made in co-production with communities or citizens, which can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders."
- "Even sometimes citizens who see themselves as the passive recipients of policy."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "It divides the policy process into a series of stages, from a notional starting point at which policymakers begin to think about a policy problem to a notional end point at which a policy has been implemented and policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."
- "They are guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
- "Academic experts have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "Policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."