Public budgeting and finance

- understanding how the government manages its budget and finances is important to comprehend where taxes and other fees go and how they are allocated.

Introduction to Public Budgeting: This topic covers the basic concepts and principles of public budgeting, including the budget cycle, budget types, budget process, and budget preparation.

Types of Public Budget: It covers different types of budgets, including operating budget, capital budget, program budget, performance budget, and zero-based budget.

Budgetary Principles: This topic covers budgetary principles such as prudence, balance, transparency, accountability, and efficiency.

Revenue Sources: It covers different sources of revenue for the government, such as taxes, fees & charges, grants-in-aid, borrowings, and privatization.

Budget Execution: Budget execution involves ensuring that the budgetary allocations are used according to the plan, and this topic covers budget execution techniques like budget monitoring and control.

Fiscal Policy: Fiscal policy refers to how the government manages its finances, and this topic covers fiscal policy tools like taxation, government expenditure, and debt management.

Public Finance: This topic introduces key concepts of public finance, including resource allocation, market failure, public goods and services, and externalities.

Public Budgeting Process: This topic covers the budget cycle, which involves stages like planning, preparation, approval, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation.

Budgeting Techniques: It covers budgeting techniques like incremental budgeting, program budgeting, and zero-based budgeting, along with their advantages and disadvantages.

Inter-governmental Relations: This topic covers the relationship between different levels of government, including the federal, state, and local governments.

Public Debt Management: This topic covers the different types of public debt, including internal and external debt, and how the government manages it.

Public Financial Management Reform: This topic covers reforms in public budgeting and finance, including budget modernization, accrual accounting, and performance-based budgeting.

Financial Analysis and Reporting: This topic covers financial analysis and reporting techniques like financial statements, ratios, and cash flow analysis.

Public-private Partnerships: It covers the use of private sector resources to deliver public infrastructure, goods and services.

Budget Transparency and Accountability: This topic covers transparency and accountability measures in public budgeting, including audit, disclosure, and oversight mechanisms.

Ethical Issues in Public Budgeting: This topic covers ethical issues that arise in public budgeting, including conflicts of interest, temptation for corruption, and misuse of funds.

Operating Budget: An operating budget is a financial plan that describes the revenue sources and expenditures for the upcoming fiscal year of a state.

Capital Budget: A capital budget is a plan for the acquisition or construction of long-term physical assets such as buildings, bridges, highways, and other infrastructure.

Expense Budget: An expense budget is a plan that outlines the expected expenses for a state government in a given fiscal year.

Revenue Budget: A revenue budget is a plan that outlines the expected sources of income for a state government in a given fiscal year, including sources like taxes and grants.

Debt Service Budget: A debt service budget is a plan for the repayment of outstanding debts, including bonds and loans.

Program Budget: A program budget is a plan that organizes expenses and revenues by program area – such as education, health, or public safety.

Balanced Budget: A balanced budget is a plan where a state government's revenue equals its expenditures for a given fiscal year.

Zero-Based Budgeting: A zero-based budgeting approach requires government entities to justify each expense item in their budgets each year to ensure that they are necessary and efficient.

Incremental Budgeting: Incremental budgeting is a plan where last year's budget serves as a baseline for the current year's budget, with adjustments made to account for changes in costs, revenue, and new programs.

Performance-Based Budgeting: Performance-Based Budgeting is a plan that links government spending to measurable outcomes or goals.

Line-Item Budgeting: Line-Item Budgeting is a plan where each item is listed separately in the budget and allocated funds separately.

Multi-Year Budgeting: Multi-year budgeting is a plan that provides a financial overview of several fiscal years, earmarking specific allocations in future years.

Priority-Based Budgeting: Priority-Based Budgeting prioritizes the allocation of funds based on specific goals and outcomes identified by the government.

What is the primary focus of public finance?

What are the three main areas within the purview of public finance?

Who proposed a framework to assess public finance?

What are the two central motivations for government intervention?

What factors influence how governments intervene in the economy?

What type of effects do government interventions have on economic outcomes?

Why do governments choose to intervene in the economy?

How does public finance contribute to achieving desirable effects?

What are the consequences of market failure?

How does government influence the distribution of income among citizens?

What is the role of public provision in government intervention?

How does taxation impact government intervention?

What are the potential outcomes of government subsidization?

How do specific government interventions impact economic outcomes?

What are the factors considered in political economy when making public policy?

How do governments determine the appropriate timing for intervention in the economy?

What methods are used to assess the efficient allocation of resources?

How do governments address income inequality through public finance?

How does government intervention impact the stability of the economy?

How do political considerations influence government intervention in the economy?