"New Public Management (NPM) is an approach to running public service organizations that is used in government and public service institutions and agencies, at both sub-national and national levels."
This theory emphasizes the need for public sector organizations to operate like private sector businesses, with a focus on efficiency, performance, and customer service.
History of Public Administration Theory: An overview of the development of public administration theory, along with its main contributors and their perspectives.
Central Principles of New Public Management: The core values and principles of New Public Management, including efficiency, accountability, customer orientation, and market orientation.
Public Sector Reforms and their Impact: The different types of public sector reforms and their effects on public administration, including decentralization, privatization, and performance management.
Performance Management and Measurement: The use of performance management tools and techniques to measure and improve organizational performance, including the use of key performance indicators (KPIs) and benchmarking.
Governance and Accountability: The role of governance and accountability in Public Management, along with the various mechanisms that promote good governance and accountability in public organizations.
Leadership and Change Management: The importance of effective leadership and change management in New Public Management, including the different leadership styles and techniques that can be used to drive organizational change.
Public Sector Ethics: The role of ethics in public management, including the ethical challenges faced by public administrators and the different approaches to ethical decision-making.
Human Resource Management: The importance of effective human resource management in public organizations, including the recruitment, retention, and development of employees.
Financial Management: The role of financial management in public management, including budgeting, accounting, and financial reporting.
Public-Private Partnerships: The use of public-private partnerships to deliver public services and infrastructure, including the benefits and risks associated with this approach.
Strategic Planning and Implementation: The importance of strategic planning and implementation in public management, including the different approaches to formulating and implementing organizational strategies.
Collaborative Governance: The use of collaborative governance approaches to achieve public goals, including the various forms of collaboration and the challenges and opportunities associated with this approach.
Performance-based Management: It emphasizes the importance of setting clear performance targets for public organizations and then monitoring their performance against these targets.
Market-based Management: It seeks to introduce market mechanisms into the public sector to improve efficiency, such as competition, contracting out, and the use of incentives.
Entrepreneurial Management: It focuses on creating a more innovative and entrepreneurial public sector that is capable of responding quickly and effectively to changing circumstances.
Network-based Management: It emphasizes cooperation and collaboration between different public organizations and private sector entities to achieve more effective public service delivery.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs): It is a collaborative approach between a government agency and a private entity to deliver a public service, where each partner shares the risks and rewards involved in the venture.
Resource-based Management: It focuses on optimizing the use of public resources, including financial, human, and technological resources.
Results-oriented Management: It emphasizes the importance of achieving measurable results and outcomes rather than merely focusing on inputs or outputs of a public service or program.
Customer-oriented Management: It seeks to deliver services that meet the needs and expectations of the public, recognizing that the public is the ultimate customer of the public sector.
Governance Management: It emphasizes the importance of effective governance processes and structures to ensure transparency, accountability, and participation in decision-making processes.
"...to make the public service more 'businesslike' and to improve its efficiency by using private sector management models."
"NPM reforms often focused on the 'centrality of citizens who were the recipient of the services or customers to the public sector.'"
"NPM reformers experimented with using decentralized service delivery models, to give local agencies more freedom in how they delivered programs or services."
"In some cases, NPM reforms that used e-government consolidated a program or service to a central location to reduce costs."
"Some governments tried using quasi-market structures, so that the public sector would have to compete against the private sector (notably in the UK, in health care)."
"Key themes in NPM were 'financial control, value for money, increasing efficiency ..., identifying and setting targets and continuous monitoring of performance, handing over ... power to the senior management' executives."
"Performance was assessed with audits, benchmarks, and performance evaluations."
"Some NPM reforms used private sector companies to deliver what were formerly public services."
"NPM advocates in some countries worked to remove 'collective agreements [in favor of] ... individual rewards packages at senior levels combined with short term contracts' and introduce private sector-style corporate governance."
"NPM approaches have been used in many countries around the world, NPM is particularly associated with the most industrialized OECD nations such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States of America."
"NPM advocates focus on using approaches from the private sector – the corporate or business world–which can be successfully applied in the public sector and in a public administration context."
"In NPM, citizens are viewed as 'customers' and public servants are viewed as public managers."
"NPM tries to realign the relationship between public service managers and their political superiors by making a parallel relationship between the two."
"Under NPM, public managers have incentive-based motivation such as pay-for-performance, and clear performance targets are often set, which are assessed by using performance evaluations."
"This NPM approach is contrasted with the traditional public administration model, in which institutional decision-making, policy-making, and public service delivery are guided by regulations, legislation, and administrative procedures."
"NPM reforms use approaches such as disaggregation, customer satisfaction initiatives, customer service efforts, applying an entrepreneurial spirit to public service, and introducing innovations."
"The NPM system allows 'the expert manager to have greater discretion'."
"Public Managers under the New Public Management reforms can provide a range of choices from which customers can choose, including the right to opt out of the service delivery system completely."
"NPM reforms often focused on the 'centrality of citizens who were the recipient of the services or customers to the public sector'."