- "Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
The set of laws, regulations, and actions undertaken by government or other public authorities to address social, economic, or political issues or problems.
Federalism: The distribution of power and duties between the federal government and state governments.
Powers of Congress: The legislative power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce, tax, and spend federal funds.
Policymaking Process: The process by which public policies are formulated, implemented, and evaluated.
Public Policy Analysis: The study of the trade-offs, costs, benefits, and consequences of public policies.
Intergovernmental Relations: The relationships between different levels of government, including vertical and horizontal relations.
Interagency Cooperation: The cooperation between government agencies to accomplish shared goals.
Devolution: The transfer of power from the federal government to state and local governments.
Preemption: The federal government's authority to regulate areas traditionally reserved for state governments.
Constitutional Law: The interpretation of the U.S. Constitution and its impact on public policy.
Public Administration: The management of public policies and programs by government agencies.
Public Budgeting: The process of allocating resources to public policies and programs.
Policy Evaluation: The assessment of the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of public policies.
Stakeholder Analysis: The identification of groups and individuals impacted by public policies.
Public Opinion: The attitudes and beliefs of the general public regarding public policies.
Political Institutions: The systems of government, including the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Interest Groups: Organizations that advocate for specific policy positions and represent the interests of their members.
Political Parties: Organizations that represent political interests and compete for elected office.
Electoral Systems: The methods by which individuals are elected to public office.
Political Culture: The shared values and beliefs that shape a society's political institutions and behavior.
Comparative Politics: The study of different political systems and their impact on public policymaking.
Fiscal Policy: This type of policy involves the government's choices regarding the collection and expenditure of public revenues, such as taxes, fees, and charges.
Monetary Policy: This policy involves a government's control of the money supply and economic activity through adjustments in interest rates and other financial measures.
Social Policy: This policy relates to the public provision of services such as healthcare, education, and social welfare, designed to alleviate social problems and inequality.
Environmental Policy: This policy focuses on the government's efforts to conserve and preserve natural resources, ecosystems, and promote sustainable development.
Foreign Policy: This policy concerns the government's interactions with other nations and international organizations, such as trade negotiations, aid programs, and military alliances.
Regulatory Policy: This policy involves government regulations designed to oversee industry and protect public safety, security, and health.
Defense Policy: This policy concerns government decisions regarding national security, military strategy, and the deployment of armed forces.
Energy Policy: This policy focuses on government efforts to secure and promote the availability, accessibility, and affordability of energy resources such as oil, gas, and renewable energy.
Labor Policy: This policy relates to government actions implementing labor laws, regulations, and standards for workers, including wage regulations, benefits, and employee protection.
Criminal Justice Policy: This policy concerns government efforts to maintain law and order, prevent crime, and administer justice through policing, courts, and correctional institutions.
- "They are created and/or enacted on behalf of the public typically by a government."
- "Sometimes they are made by nonprofit organizations or are made in co-production with communities or citizens."
- "They can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders or scientific data, or sometimes use some of their results."
- "There are many actors: elected politicians, political party leaders, pressure groups, civil servants, publicly employed professionals, judges, non-governmental organizations, international agencies, academic experts, journalists, and even sometimes citizens."
- "A popular way of understanding and engaging in public policy is through a series of stages known as 'the policy cycle.'"
- "A basic sequence is agenda setting, policy formulation, legitimation, implementation, and evaluation."
- "Officials considered as policymakers bear responsibility to reflect the interests of a host of different stakeholders."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "Academics and other experts in policy studies have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "The implementation of public policy is known as public administration."
- "Public policy can be considered to be the sum of a government's direct and indirect activities and has been conceptualized in a variety of ways."
- "They are typically made by policymakers affiliated with currently elected politicians."
- "They are made in co-production with communities or citizens, which can include potential experts, scientists, engineers, and stakeholders."
- "Even sometimes citizens who see themselves as the passive recipients of policy."
- "Policy design entails a conscious and deliberate effort to define policy aims and map them instrumentally."
- "It divides the policy process into a series of stages, from a notional starting point at which policymakers begin to think about a policy problem to a notional end point at which a policy has been implemented and policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."
- "They are guided by a conception and often implemented by programs."
- "Academic experts have developed a range of tools and approaches to help in this task."
- "Policymakers think about how successful it has been before deciding what to do next."