"A geographic information system (GIS) consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.
Introduction to GIS: Understanding the basics of geographic information systems and its applications in public administration.
Geographic Data: Understanding types and sources of geographic data, and how they are captured, stored and managed.
Geographic Data Analysis: Methods for analyzing, visualizing and interpreting geographic data.
Spatial Analysis: Methods for investigating spatial patterns, relationships and trends.
Cartography: Principles and practices of producing maps and other types of visual representations.
Geodatabase Design: Designing and implementing databases to store and manage geographic data.
Geographic Information Science: Understanding the scientific foundations of GIS.
GPS and Remote Sensing: Understanding how GPS and remote sensing technologies are used for data capture and analysis.
GIS Software: Review of popular GIS software products and their features.
Spatial Data Infrastructure: Understanding of the standards and protocols for sharing and distributing geographic data.
Web GIS: An overview of GIS applications that are designed to be accessed via the web.
GIS Project Management: The application of project management principles to GIS projects, including planning, execution, and monitoring.
GIS in Public Administration: Understanding how GIS is used in public administration, including mapping and analysis of issues related to land use, emergency response, transportation, and public health.
Ethics and Privacy: Understanding the ethical and legal implications of using GIS data and how to safeguard individuals' privacy.
Data Quality and Validation: Techniques for ensuring the quality and validity of geographic data.
Desktop GIS: It is a software application that allows users to create, edit, manage, and analyze geospatial data on a personal computer. It is the most common type of GIS, and it is widely used by professionals and novices alike.
Web GIS: It is a GIS that utilizes the internet to connect users to geospatial data and analysis tools. It provides a platform for sharing and collaborating on geospatial data among users with different geographical locations.
Mobile GIS: It is a GIS that runs on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet. It allows users to collect, analyze, and share geospatial data while on the go.
Cloud GIS: It is a GIS that runs on a cloud-based infrastructure, which allows users to access, analyze, and share geospatial data from anywhere with an internet connection.
3D GIS: It is a GIS that allows users to view and analyze data in a three-dimensional space. It is commonly used in urban planning, architecture, and engineering.
Enterprise GIS: It is an integrated system that allows organizations to manage and share geospatial data across different departments and locations. It is commonly used in government agencies, utilities, and transportation companies.
Open Source GIS: It is a GIS that is freely available to anyone and can be modified and redistributed. It is commonly used by non-profit organizations, academic institutions, and small businesses.
Real-Time GIS: It is a GIS that receives and displays geospatial data in real-time, such as weather data, traffic data, and social media feeds. It is commonly used in emergency management and transportation planning.
Geospatial Analytics: It is a GIS that uses statistical and mathematical models to analyze geospatial data and derive insights. It is commonly used in marketing, healthcare, and environmental sciences.
Location-Based Services: It is a GIS that provides services based on a user's location, such as directions, nearby restaurants, and weather updates. It is commonly used in mobile applications and websites.
"[A GIS] consists of integrated computer hardware and software that store, manage, analyze, edit, output, and visualize geographic data."
"Much of this often happens within a spatial database, however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS."
"One may consider such a system also to include human users and support staff, procedures and workflows, the body of knowledge of relevant concepts and methods, and institutional organizations."
"The uncounted plural, geographic information systems, also abbreviated GIS, is the most common term for the industry and profession concerned with these systems."
"The academic discipline that studies these systems and their underlying geographic principles, may also be abbreviated as GIS, but the unambiguous GIScience is more common."
"They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business."
"GIS and location intelligence applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, which rely on geographic analysis and visualization."
"GIS provides the capability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as the 'key index variable'."
"Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's spacetime are able to be recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z coordinates."
"[x, y, and z coordinates representing] longitude (x), latitude (y), and elevation (z)."
"All Earth-based, spatial-temporal, location and extent references should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a 'real' physical location or extent."
"This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies." Note: Since not all 20 questions can be answered directly by quotes from the paragraph, I have provided answers for the available quotes.