The process of allocating resources to achieve specific objectives, and forecasting the financial requirements for future operations.
Introduction to Budgeting and Planning: This topic provides an overview of the fundamental concepts of budgeting and planning in public administration. It focuses on the importance of effective financial management for achieving organizational goals and objectives.
Budgeting Process: This topic covers the various steps involved in the budgeting process, starting from the preparation of a budget proposal to its approval and implementation.
Financial Planning: This topic involves the development of financial plans that align with the organization's strategic goals and objectives. It includes the identification of resources required to achieve these goals and the development of strategies for obtaining them.
Revenue Sources: This topic covers the various sources of revenue available to public organizations, including taxes, fees, grants, and donations. It focuses on the role of revenue in public administration and the importance of effective revenue management.
Cost Management: This topic involves the identification and management of costs incurred by public organizations. It includes the development of cost reduction strategies and the implementation of cost control measures.
Financial Performance Analysis: This topic involves the analysis of an organization's financial performance through the use of financial ratios, benchmarks, and other tools. It includes the identification of areas requiring improvement and the development of strategies for addressing them.
Budget Monitoring and Control: This topic covers the process of monitoring and controlling a budget to ensure that it stays within the allocated limits. It includes the identification of deviations from the plan and the development of corrective measures.
Budgeting Ethics: This topic focuses on the ethical considerations involved in budgeting and financial management in public administration. It includes the identification of potential conflicts of interest, the ethical use of public funds, and the importance of transparency and accountability.
Budgeting Tools and Techniques: This topic covers the various tools and techniques available to public administrators when developing and managing budgets. It includes the use of computer-based financial management systems, analytical tools, and financial models.
Taxation Principles: This topic covers the fundamental principles of taxation, including the types of taxes, tax systems, and the role of taxes in public finance. It also includes an overview of the tax laws, regulations, and policies that govern taxation in public administration.
Operating budget: An annual budget that outlines a systematic plan for expenses and revenues.
Capital budget: A budget that outlines expenditures on long-term assets such as buildings, land, and equipment.
Cash budget: A budget that tracks cash inflows and outflows and is used to plan for short-term borrowing or investment.
Performance-based budgeting: A budgeting system that focuses on performance achievements more than traditional line-item budgeting.
Zero-based budgeting: A budgeting system where all expenses must be justified each budget year.
Program budgeting: Presents budget information organized by specific programs or activities, such as public safety or education.
Participatory budgeting: A budgeting process where citizens participate in the allocation of public funds.
Activity-based budgeting: A budgeting process that aligns to individual activities to support business objectives.
Incremental budgeting: A budgeting system that uses the previous year's budget as a base and makes incremental changes.
Top-down budgeting: A budgeting system that starts at the top with senior leadership and then cascades down through levels of management.