"In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields."
Study of electromagnetism, including forces, fields, and currents as they interact with one another.
Electric charge and field: The concept of electric charge and field, Coulomb's law, electric field lines, and electric flux.
Electric potential and potential energy: Electrostatic potential, potential energy of an electric charge or system of charges.
Gauss's law: The concepts of electric flux, divergence of a vector field, and Gauss's law.
Electric currents: The concept of electric current, Ohm's law, and Kirchhoff's laws.
Magnetic fields: Magnetic fields, Biot-Savart's law, the magnetic dipole, and magnetic field lines.
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction: The concept of electromagnetic induction, Faraday's law, Lenz's law, and self-inductance.
Electromagnetic waves: The nature of electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic spectrum, and the propagation of electromagnetic waves.
Maxwell's equations: Electromagnetic theory, Maxwell's equations, and the importance of these equations in understanding Electrodynamics.
Waveguides and resonant cavities: The properties of waveguides and resonant cavities, including the modes of propagation, resonant frequencies, and Q-factor.
Electromagnetic radiation: The connection between Electrodynamics and electromagnetic radiation, radiative properties of sources & an understanding of radiation patterns.
Relativistic Electrodynamics: An understanding of how Electrodynamics is a manifestation of special relativity, fundamental interactions, and covariant formulation of electromagnetic equations.
Electrodynamics in different media: Electrodynamics in conductors, dielectrics, and magnetic materials. Includes dielectric and magnetic constant, polarization, magnetization, and magnetization curve.
Quantum Electrodynamics: The quantum aspect of Electrodynamics, including the quantization of electromagnetic waves and particle-wave duality.
Electrodynamics in Astrophysics: An understanding of how Electrodynamics is important in astrophysics and cosmology for studying topics such as star formation, black holes, and cosmic rays.
Applications in technology: Understanding of the applications of Electrodynamics in various fields such as communication, medical imaging, electromagnetic propulsion, and energy generation.
Classical Electrodynamics: It is the study of electromagnetic interactions at the macroscopic level. It encompasses the study of electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves, and radiation.
Quantum Electrodynamics: It is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic fields with matter at the quantum level. In QED, the interaction between charged particles is described in terms of the exchange of virtual photons.
Electromagnetic Field Theory: It is the mathematical framework used to describe and analyze the behavior of electromagnetic fields. It includes the study of Maxwell's equations, which describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in space.
Electric Circuit Theory: It is the study of the flow of electric charges in circuits. It encompasses the analysis and design of electronic circuits, which are used in a wide range of devices, such as computers, cell phones, and televisions.
Plasma Physics: It is the study of the behavior of ionized gases, which are also known as plasmas. Plasmas are commonly found in stars and other celestial objects and are used in various technological applications, such as plasma TVs and fusion reactors.
Optics: It is the study of the behavior of light, including its interaction with matter and the formation of images. It includes the study of both classical and quantum aspects of light.
Electromagnetic Compatibility: It is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic fields with electronic devices and systems. It includes the analysis and design of devices and systems that are immune to electromagnetic interference and the prevention of electromagnetic interference from devices and systems.
"The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules."
"Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, two distinct but closely intertwined phenomena."
"Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles, causing an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge."
"Magnetism is an interaction that occurs exclusively between charged particles in relative motion."
"These two effects combine to create electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of charged particles, which can accelerate other charged particles via the Lorentz force."
"The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of the chemical and physical phenomena observed in daily life."
"The electrostatic attraction between atomic nuclei and their electrons holds atoms together."
"Magnetic interactions between the spin and angular momentum magnetic moments of electrons also play a role in chemical reactivity."
"Electromagnetism also plays a crucial role in modern technology: electrical energy production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators."
"Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times [...] it wasn't until the late 18th century that scientists began to develop a mathematical basis for understanding the nature of electromagnetic interactions."
"In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as Coulomb, Gauss and Faraday developed namesake laws which helped to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields."
"This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of Maxwell's equations, a set of four partial differential equations which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields."
"Maxwell's equations also predicted the existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves."
"...gamma-rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves were all determined to be electromagnetic radiation differing only in their range of frequencies."
"The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, particularly the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the 'medium' of propagation, helped inspire Einstein's theory of special relativity."
"The field of quantum electrodynamics (QED) has modified Maxwell's equations to be consistent with the quantized nature of matter."
"In QED, the electromagnetic field is expressed in terms of discrete particles known as photons, which are also the physical quanta of light."
"Today, there exist many problems in electromagnetism that remain unsolved, such as the existence of magnetic monopoles and the mechanism by which some organisms can sense electric and magnetic fields."
"Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times."