"In physics, electromagnetism is an interaction that occurs between particles with electric charge via electromagnetic fields."
Deals with the study of electric and magnetic fields, their interactions, and their effects on matter.
Electrostatics: Study of stationary charges, Coulomb's law, electric fields, and potential energy.
Magnetostatics: Study of stationary magnetic fields, Ampere's law, and magnetic induction.
Electrodynamics: Study of electromagnetism, including forces, fields, and currents as they interact with one another.
Maxwell's equations: Set of four equations that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, including Gauss's law, Ampere's law, Faraday's law, and the magnetic equivalent of Gauss's law.
Electromagnetic waves: Transverse waves that are made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
Wave polarization: Orientation of the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave.
Reflection and refraction: Behavior of electromagnetic waves at boundaries between different materials.
Radiation: Emission of electromagnetic waves by charged particles or accelerating charges.
Quantum electrodynamics: Quantum mechanical theory that combines electromagnetism and quantum mechanics.
"The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules."
"Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, two distinct but closely intertwined phenomena."
"Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles, causing an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge."
"Magnetism is an interaction that occurs exclusively between charged particles in relative motion."
"These two effects combine to create electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of charged particles, which can accelerate other charged particles via the Lorentz force."
"The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of the chemical and physical phenomena observed in daily life."
"The electrostatic attraction between atomic nuclei and their electrons holds atoms together."
"Magnetic interactions between the spin and angular momentum magnetic moments of electrons also play a role in chemical reactivity."
"Electromagnetism also plays a crucial role in modern technology: electrical energy production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators."
"Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times [...] it wasn't until the late 18th century that scientists began to develop a mathematical basis for understanding the nature of electromagnetic interactions."
"In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as Coulomb, Gauss and Faraday developed namesake laws which helped to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields."
"This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of Maxwell's equations, a set of four partial differential equations which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields."
"Maxwell's equations also predicted the existence of self-sustaining electromagnetic waves."
"...gamma-rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves were all determined to be electromagnetic radiation differing only in their range of frequencies."
"The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, particularly the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the 'medium' of propagation, helped inspire Einstein's theory of special relativity."
"The field of quantum electrodynamics (QED) has modified Maxwell's equations to be consistent with the quantized nature of matter."
"In QED, the electromagnetic field is expressed in terms of discrete particles known as photons, which are also the physical quanta of light."
"Today, there exist many problems in electromagnetism that remain unsolved, such as the existence of magnetic monopoles and the mechanism by which some organisms can sense electric and magnetic fields."
"Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times."