"The problem of evil is the question of how to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God."
Examining the issue of how to reconcile the existence of an all-powerful and benevolent god with the reality of evil and suffering in the world.
Theodicy: The study of why an all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good God would permit the existence of evil.
Moral evil vs. natural evil: The distinction between evil caused by human actions and evil caused by natural disasters or other non-human factors.
Free will: The idea that humans have the ability to choose between good and evil, and that God cannot force them to choose one over the other without violating their free will.
Divine action: The role that God plays in either preventing or permitting evil to occur.
Logical problem of evil: The argument that the existence of evil and suffering is incompatible with the existence of a perfectly good, all-powerful God.
Evidential problem of evil: The argument that the sheer amount of evil and suffering in the world provides evidence against the existence of a perfectly good, all-powerful God.
Inconsistent triad: The idea that the existence of evil and suffering alongside an all-powerful, all-knowing, and perfectly good God cannot be reconciled.
Skeptical theism: The idea that humans cannot fully comprehend God's reasons for permitting evil, and thus, we cannot know whether its existence is justified.
Privation theory: The idea that evil is not a positive force, but rather a lack of goodness or a corruption of something originally good.
Consequentialism: The ethical theory that evaluates the morality of an action based on its outcomes or consequences, rather than its inherent goodness or badness, and its relevance to the problem of evil.
The problem of divine hiddenness: The argument that God's refusal to provide clear evidence of his existence and nature leaves humans without a moral compass and unable to make informed decisions in the face of evil.
Logical problem of evil: This type of the problem of evil asserts that the existence of evil is logically incompatible with the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good God.
Evidential problem of evil: This type of the problem of evil suggests that while the existence of evil may not be logically incompatible with the existence of God, the vast amount and distribution of evil in the world provide strong evidence that God cannot exist.
Theodicy: This is not a type of the problem of evil but instead an attempt to offer a solution to it. A theodicy is an explanation of how an all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-good God can allow the existence of evil in the world.
Natural evil: This type of evil occurs as a result of natural disasters or occurrences such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and diseases.
Moral evil: This type of evil results from human actions, including intentional acts of violence, cruelty, and injustice.
Divine hiddenness: This is not a conventional type of the problem of evil, but it suggests that God's supposed unwillingness to reveal Himself to all people may explain why evil persists in the world.
The free will defense: This type of theodicy argues that God bestowed humans with free will, which means that we have the power to choose between good and evil. Unfortunately, the ability to choose either way also means that humans can choose to do bad things, which can result in the emergence of evil.
Skeptical theism: This type of theodicy acknowledges that humans cannot fully understand God's plans or intentions, and as mere mortals, we may be unable to identify the good reasons why God allows evil to exist. Therefore, the problem of evil may not be a real problem as it's not possible for humans to comprehend God's plan entirely.
Soul-making theodicy: This type of theodicy argues that moral evil and suffering can help humans to learn important moral lessons and develop an inner soul, which could not be possible if humans' lives were free from suffering.
"It was popularized by David Hume."
"Theology and ethics."
"There are also many discussions of evil and associated problems in other philosophical fields, such as secular ethics, and evolutionary ethics."
"Refutations, defenses, and theodicies."
"The problem of evil is generally formulated in two forms: the logical problem of evil and the evidential problem of evil."
"The logical form of the argument tries to show a logical impossibility in the coexistence of a god and evil."
"The evidential form tries to show that given the evil in the world, it is improbable that there is an omnipotent, omniscient, and a wholly good god."
"The problem of evil has been extended to non-human life forms, to include animal suffering from natural evils and human cruelty against them." Unfortunately, the given paragraph does not provide specific quotes that directly correspond to the remaining study questions. It mainly presents an overview of the problem of evil without delving into more detailed explanations or examples.