Techniques for reasoning with ontologies and querying them such as forward chaining, backward chaining, and SPARQL.
Ontology: The study of principles of existence and knowledge representation. An ontological argument is a belief based on the logical consistency and coherence of the universe.
Ontology reasoning: The process of deducing a conclusion from a set of premises based on the principles of ontology.
Knowledge representation: The process of encoding information in a way that a machine or computer can understand, store, manipulate and use it.
Semantic Web: An extension of the World Wide Web that allows data to be shared and re-used across applications, enterprises, and communities.
RDF and OWL: An ontology language and a descriptive logic that provide a standardized way of describing knowledge for the Semantic Web.
Reasoning algorithms: The methods of applying rules or logic to a set of premises to derive a conclusion.
Query languages: The tools and techniques used to extract data from ontologies based on certain criteria.
Ontology integration: The process of combining two or more ontologies to form a bigger ontology.
Ontology-mapping: The process of finding commonalities between two different ontologies for interoperability purposes.
Ontology alignment: The process of automatic or semi-automatic matching of the concepts between two ontologies.
Description Logic: Describes the formal language syntax and semantics for reasoning with ontologies. It is a subset of first-order logic designed for ontologies.
Rule-Based Reasoning: Uses rules to construct new knowledge from existing ontology statements. This approach is typically used when the knowledge base is too large for human analysis.
Constraint-Based Reasoning: Uses constraints or restrictions to determine which ontology statements are consistent with each other.
Deductive Reasoning: Uses a set of axioms and logical inference rules to draw conclusions from an ontology.
Inductive Reasoning: Uses experience and observations to induce patterns, trends and generalizations from an ontology.
Abductive Reasoning: Infers the best explanation for an inconsistent set of ontology statements by creating new ontology statements to explain them.
Subsumption Reasoning: Determines if one class or concept in an ontology is a subclass or subconcept of another class or concept.
Semantic Matching: Matches two ontologies to find the meaning and relationships that the ontologies have in common.
Classification Ontologies: Organises entities into classes based on their shared attributes.
Semantic Web Technologies (SWT): Provide a set of standards and tools to help share and use information across multiple platforms and applications.
Querying Ontologies: Uses structured queries to identify and retrieve relevant information from an ontology.